Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience.

Davidson, Richard J.; Jackson, Daren C.; Kalin, Ned H.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.890

Cited by 1,322Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMemory and Neural MechanismsNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience.

Davidson, Richard J., Jackson, Daren C., Kalin, Ned H.·2000·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.890

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Abstract

The authors present an overview of the neural bases of emotion. They underscore the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 2 broad approach- and withdrawal-related emotion systems. Components and measures of affective style are identified. Emphasis is given to affective chronometry and a role for the PFC in this process is proposed. Plasticity in the central circuitry of emotion is considered, and implications of data showing experience-induced changes in the hippocampus for understanding psychopathology and stress-related symptoms are discussed. Two key forms of affective plasticity are described--context and regulation. A role for the hippocampus in context-dependent normal and dysfunctional emotional responding is proposed. Finally, implications of these data for understanding the impact on neural circuitry of interventions to promote positive affect and on mechanisms that govern health and disease are considered.

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The time course of emotional reactions has recently been emphasized as important in depression research.
“Second, the time course of emotional reactions (“affective chronometry”) has been recently highlighted as important in the study of depression (Davidson, 2003; Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000).”
From Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Improves Emotional Reactivity to Social Stress: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000
Positive and negative affect arise from partially distinct biobehavioral systems.
“Given that positive and negative affect arise from partially distinct biobehavioral systems57, 58”
From Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention: <scp>Taylor et al.</scp> (2017) · cites this paper as [58]
Positive and negative emotions arise from at least partially distinct biobehavioral systems.
“positive and negative emotions arise from at least partially distinct biobehavioral systems”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000
Negative emotions (e.g., anxiety) and positive emotions are regulated by partially distinct biobehavioral systems.
“negative emotions (e.g., anxiety) and positive emotions are regulated by partially distinct biobehavioral systems (Davidson et al., 2000; Gable & Berkman, 2008)”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Davidson et al., 2000

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If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion.
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How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective
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“When individuals regulate their emotions, the amygdala is thought to be down-regulated by the vmPFC and hippocampus (Banks et al., 2007; Davidson et al., 2000; Milad, Rauch, Pitman, & Quirk, 2006), both of which have extensive connections with the amygdala.”
Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation
Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., Urbanowski, F., Harrington, A., Bonus, K., & Sheridan, J. F. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000077505.67574.e3 · Cited by 2,925 · see citing works
“Moreover, such asymmetries reflect both state and trait components (32, 33) with both phasic positive mood as well as dispositional positive affect associated with greater relative left-sided anterior activation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation
Tang, Y.-Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3916 · Cited by 2,889 · see citing works
Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276 · Cited by 2,224 · see citing works
“The data are consistent with a motivational view of emotional organization, which holds that affective reports and behavior are determined in significant part by the activation of appetitive and defensive motive systems (Lang et al., 1997; see also Cacioppo et al., 1999; Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000 ).”
Background
Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity
BOYCE, W. T., & ELLIS, B. J. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050145 · Cited by 2,078 · see citing works
Does positive affect influence health?
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925 · Cited by 2,087 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation as a Scientific Construct: Methodological Challenges and Directions for Child Development Research
Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00673.x · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
“At the physical level, emotional reactions emerge from neural activity that occurs in milliseconds (see Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000 ).”
Background
School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of children's functioning at school entry.
Blair, C. (2002) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.57.2.111 · Cited by 1,893 · see citing works
Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies.
Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180 · Cited by 1,734 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus?
Baas, M., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0012815 · Cited by 1,697 · see citing works
Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life.
Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., & Wallace, K. A. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.730 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
Addiction
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2003) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237 · Cited by 1,509 · see citing works
The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review
Koole, S. L. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802619031 · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
“A conceptual solution to this problem lies in the temporal unfolding of an emotional response (Baumann, Kaschel, & Kuhl, 2007; Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000 ; Skinner & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2007 ).”
Background
Coping Resources, Coping Processes, and Mental Health
Taylor, S. E., & Stanton, A. L. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091520 · Cited by 1,462 · see citing works
“Reflecting a core motivational construct (e.g., Davidson et al. 2000), the approach-avoidance continuum maps easily onto broader theories of biobehavioral functioning.”
Background
School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of children's functioning at school entry.
Blair, C. (2002) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.57.2.111 · Cited by 1,874 · see citing works
“Researchers studying prefrontal EEG asymmetry associated with approach versus withdrawal behavior have noted considerable plasticity in early childhood (Davidson et al., 2000).”
Mindful emotion regulation: an integrative review
Chambers, R., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self- transcendence (S-ART): a framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness
Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
“Although both classes ref er to incentives of reward, external motivation arises f rom the desire to approach (avoid) an externally imposed reward (punishment); while internal motivation arises f rom a more automatic, internally driven desire to obtain reward, or satisf y one's needs (Davidson et al., 2000; Ochsner an…”
Background
Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience
Berridge, K. C. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.004 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
“[40] Davidson RJ, Jackson DC, Kalin NH.”
Background
Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability–transactional stress theory.
Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
Is There a Universal Positivity Bias in Attributions? A Meta-Analytic Review of Individual, Developmental, and Cultural Differences in the Self-Serving Attributional Bias.
Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S., & Hankin, B. L. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.711 · Cited by 1,281 · see citing works
The Pleasure and Displeasure People Feel When they Exercise at Different Intensities: Decennial Update and Progress towards a Tripartite Rationale for Exercise Intensity Prescription
Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2011) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000 · Cited by 1,215 · see citing works
“Davidson et al.[146] proposed that ‘‘in the absence of this normal inhibitory input, the amygdala remains unchecked and continues to remain activated’’ (p. 898).”
Background
The role of emotion in decision-making: Evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage
Bechara, A. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2003.04.001 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
The Psychobiology of Depression and Resilience to Stress: Implications for Prevention and Treatment
Southwick, S. M., Vythilingam, M., & Charney, D. S. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143948 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Depression: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience
Davidson, R. J., Pizzagalli, D., Nitschke, J. B., & Putnam, K. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135148 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
“In their recent review, Davidson, and colleagues (Davidson et al. 2000a) noted that various forms of psychopathology involving disorders of affect could be characterized as disorders in context regulation of affect.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Positive Psychology in Clinical Practice
Lee Duckworth, A., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144154 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Portrait of the angry decision maker: how appraisal tendencies shape anger's influence on cognition
Lerner, J. S., & Tiedens, L. Z. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.515 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis
Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
“Over-excitation and deprivation can influence the affective system and may induce changes in the emotional circuitry of the brain that can contribute to stress-related psychopathology ( Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000 ).”
Background
What does the prefrontal cortex “do” in affect: perspectives on frontal EEG asymmetry research
Davidson, R. J. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.008 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
“…on EEG measures of prefrontal asymmetry (Coan, 2003), we have suggested that environmental influences, particularly early in development, are likely to be present and to shape aspects of prefrontal function, including baseline measures of functional prefrontal asymmetry (Davidson et al., 2000a).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Emotion Regulation Flexibility
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
“This conceptualization of ER flexibility draws upon basic research on affective chronometry (e.g., Thompson 1994; Gross 1998, 2013; Davidson et al. 2000; Sheppes and Gross 2011) and motivation (e.g., Bradley and Lang 2000; Magen and Gross 2010) as well as on the burgeoning literature on affective…”
Background
The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Capturing Context
Aldao, A. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612459518 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Neuropsychology of fear and loathing
Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., & Young, A. W. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35072584 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Directed Attention as a Common Resource for Executive Functioning and Self-Regulation
Kaplan, S., & Berman, M. G. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691609356784 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
“Dysfunctions in this neural circuit may lead to susceptibility to depression and violence (Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000; Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000) and therefore undermine successful cognitive functioning.”
Background
Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity.
Davidson, R. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.11.1196 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Self-citation
Increased Amygdala and Decreased Dorsolateral Prefrontal BOLD Responses in Unipolar Depression: Related and Independent Features
Siegle, G. J., Thompson, W., Carter, C. S., Steinhauer, S. R., & Thase, M. E. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.048 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
“Disrupted LPFC activity has been observed in depression (Baxter et al 989; Bench et al 1993; Davidson et al 2000; Drevets 1999; arvey et al 2005; Mayberg et al 1999).”
Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners
Fox, K. C. R., Nijeboer, S., Dixon, M. L., Floman, J. L., Ellamil, M., Rumak, S. P., Sedlmeier, P., & Christoff, K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research.
Davis, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2011) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0022062 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Emotion regulation in children and adolescents.
ZEMAN, J., CASSANO, M., PERRY-PARRISH, C., & STEGALL, S. (2006) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200604000-00014 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Mental illness and well-being: the central importance of positive psychology and recovery approaches
Slade, M. (2010) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-26 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
“Although there is good evidence that being happy and cheerful is associated with improved brain chemistry, blood pressure and heart rate [127,128], and with living longer [129], this kind of evidence does not yet feature prominently in public debate.”
Background
On the Nature of Emotion Regulation
Campos, J. J., Frankel, C. B., & Camras, L. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00681.x · Cited by 749 · see citing works
“More specifically, no one has ever convincingly presented coherent facial, vocal, gestural, physiological, or cerebral indexes that approximate a 1:1 relation to an emotional state ( Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000 ).”
Background
Pleasures of the brain
Berridge, K. C. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00014-9 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
“Similar interaction might also sometimes occur in the reverse direction, when core processes of emotion are subject to voluntary regulation by cognitive systems (Davidson et al., 2000).”
Sex differences in impulsivity: A meta-analysis.
Cross, C. P., Copping, L. T., & Campbell, A. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021591 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
“, & Mazumdar, M. (1994). Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias.”
BackgroundInfluential
Emotion Recognition From EEG Using Higher Order Crossings
Petrantonakis, P. C., & Hadjileontiadis, L. J. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2009.2034649 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Health Psychology: Psychological Adjustment to Chronic Disease
Stanton, A. L., Revenson, T. A., & Tennen, H. A. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085615 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
“This approach-avoidance continuum also reflects a fundamental motivational construct (Carver & Scheier 1998, Davidson et al. 2000).”
Background
Negative Affects Deriving From the Behavioral Approach System.
Carver, C. S. (2004) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.3 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
“Electroencephalographic (EEG) and neuroimaging data indicate that approach of incentives tends to relate to higher relative activation in areas of the left prefrontal cerebral cortex, suggesting that the circuitry underlying approach is partially localized in these areas (e.g., Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1997; Sobotka, Dav…”
Background
The origins of 12-month attachment: a microanalysis of 4-month mother-infant interaction.
Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., Markese, S., Buck, K., Chen, H., Cohen, P., Bahrick, L., Andrews, H., & Feldstein, S. (2010) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730903338985 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
“The concept of regulation has many definitions within varying research traditions (Campos, Frankel, & Camras, 2004 ; Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004 ; Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000 ).”
Psychoneuroimmunology: psychological influences on immune function and health
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.3.537 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
EMOTION DYSREGULATION MODEL OF MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS: Review: Emotion Dysregulation Model of Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A., & Asnaani, A. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21888 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation: A multidisciplinary review and integrative conceptual framework.
Bridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038662 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
The marginal utility of income
Layard, R., Mayraz, G., & Nickell, S. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.007 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Describing the emotional states that are expressed in speech
Cowie, R., & Cornelius, R. R. (2003) · Speech Communication · doi:10.1016/s0167-6393(02)00071-7 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
“A related, older methodology involves exposing participants to various ‘‘threats’’ such as a painful injection (Schachter, 1959), a difficult intelligence test (Braunstein-Bercovitz et al., 2001), electric shock (Cornelius and Averill, 1980), or speaking in public (Davidson et al., 2000b).”
Background
Stereotype threat and working memory: mechanisms, alleviation, and spillover
Beilock, S. L., Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.256 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Making a Life Worth Living: Neural Correlates of Well-Being
Urry, H. L., Nitschke, J. B., Dolski, I., Jackson, D. C., Dalton, K. M., Mueller, C. J., Rosenkranz, M. A., Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00686.x · Cited by 576 · see citing works
“To index the alpha power unique to each site, we regressed mean whole-head power from the alpha power for each individual site (see Davidson, Jackson, & Larson, 2000, for description of the method).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Depression and immune function
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00309-4 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
“Depression can affect health through many pathways; these influences may occur through health behaviors or compliance with medical regimens, as well as through alterations in the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), immune, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems [5–8].”
Background
Self-regulatory processes in early personality development: A multilevel approach to the study of childhood social withdrawal and aggression
Calkins, S. D., & Fox, N. A. (2002) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940200305x · Cited by 569 · see citing works
A cognitive neuroscience based computerized battery for efficient measurement of individual differences: Standardization and initial construct validation
Gur, R., Richard, J., Hughett, P., Calkins, M., Macy, L., Bilker, W., Brensinger, C., & Gur, R. E. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.11.017 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
“Affect identification is the only test in this battery that measures social cognition, a domain of increased interest in behavioral neuroscience (Davidson et al., 2000).”
Background
Feelings change: Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect.
Kuppens, P., Oravecz, Z., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020962 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Clarifying the emotive functions of asymmetrical frontal cortical activity
Harmon‐Jones, E. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00121 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
“A second model has posited that the left frontal cortical region is involved in the experience and expression of approach-related emotions and that the right frontal cortical region is involved in experience and expression of withdrawal-related emotions ( Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000; Fox, 1991; Harmon-Jones & All…”
Background
The neurobiology of childhood trauma and abuse
van der Kolk, B. A. (2003) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(03)00003-8 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
“Lesions to the hippocampus abolish this context-dependent form of memory but have no effect on learning cue-punishment contingencies [109].”
Background
Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: Toward a synthesis
Davidson, R. J. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00067 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
“Our focus was on power in the alpha band (8–13 Hz), though we extracted power in all frequency bands (for methodological discussions, see Davidson, Chapman, Chapman, & Henriques, 1990; Davidson, Jackson, & Larson, 2000 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election
Westen, D., Blagov, P. S., Harenski, K. A., Kilts, C., & Hamann, S. B. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
“Contemporary views of motivation similarly emphasize approach and avoidance systems motivated by positive and negative affect (Carver, 2001; Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000).”
Background
The neurobiology of positive emotions
Burgdorf, J., & Panksepp, J. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.06.001 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
“Approach based psychometric models of positive emotion have also been used to conceptualize stable PA traits states such as subjective well-being (Davidson et al., 2000; Panksepp et al., 2002) as well as the personality trait of extroversion which is associated with high levels of PA (Diener, 1998).”
Method
From emotion perception to emotion experience: Emotions evoked by pictures and classical music
Baumgärtner, T., Esslen, M., & Jäncke, L. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.04.007 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
“The increased cortical activation at posterior clusters (measured at left- and rightsided occipital and parietal electrodes) in the combined conditions compared to the picture conditions is in line with findings from neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies showing that this part of the cortex is implicated in th…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Perfusion functional MRI reveals cerebral blood flow pattern under psychological stress
Wang, J., Rao, H., Wetmore, G. S., Furlan, P. M., Korczykowski, M., Dinges, D. F., & Detre, J. A. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503082102 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological perspectives
Allen, N. B., & Badcock, P. B. T. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.887 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Lateralization of amygdala activation: a systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies
Baas, D., Aleman, A., & Kahn, R. S. (2004) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.02.004 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention
Cubillo, A., Halari, R., Smith, A., Taylor, E., & Rubia, K. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.007 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine
Davidson, R. J., Irwin, W., Anderle, M. J., & Kalin, N. H. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.64 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Self-citation
Investment behavior and the negative side of emotion
Shiv, B., Loewenstein, G., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01553.x · Cited by 485 · see citing works
“…15 target patients with chronic and stable focal lesions in specific components of a neural circuitry that has been shown to be critical for the processing of emotions (Damasio, 1994; Davidson et al., 2000; Dolan, 2002; LeDoux, 1996; Rahman et al., 2001; Sanfey, Hastie, Colvin, & Grafman, 2003).”
Background
The underlying anatomical correlates of long-term meditation: Larger hippocampal and frontal volumes of gray matter
Luders, E., Toga, A. W., Lepore, N., & Gaser, C. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.061 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
“A wealth of evidence for structural plasticity in frontal and hippocampal regions due to environmental enrichment comes from research on animals (Davidson et al., 2000; Diamond, 2001; Kempermann et al., 2002).”
Background
From emotion resonance to empathic understanding: A social developmental neuroscience account
Decety, J., & Meyer, M. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000503 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
“Davidson, Jackson, and Kalin (2000) have proposed that the mechanism underlying suppression of negative emotion is via an inhibitory connection from regions of the PFC to the amygdala.”
Background
Competencies as a behavioral approach to emotional intelligence
Boyatzis, R. E. (2009) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621710910987647 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Complex affect dynamics add limited information to the prediction of psychological well-being.
Dejonckheere, E., Mestdagh, M., Houben, M., Rutten, I., Sels, L., Kuppens, P., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0555-0 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral therapies in the 21st century: Summary of an emerging field and an extended example of Cognitive Control Training for depression
Siegle, G. J., Ghinassi, F., & Thase, M. E. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9118-6 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
“The DLPFC has thus been implicated in emotion regulation (e.g., Davidson et al., 2000), and activates during tasks requiring conscious emotion regulation (e.g., Ochsner et al., 2004).”
Background
“Cool” Inferior Frontostriatal Dysfunction in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Versus “Hot” Ventromedial Orbitofrontal-Limbic Dysfunction in Conduct Disorder: A Review
Rubia, K. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.023 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
“Together with ventromedial frontal cortex, including anterior cingulate, they mediate top-down affect regulation in their interconnection to underlying limbic areas (61,62,65,66).”
Background
Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress
Wang, J., Korczykowski, M., Rao, H., Yong Fan, A., Pluta, J. B., Gur, R. C., McEwen, B. S., & Detre, J. A. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm018 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
“This hypothesis has several implications for the present study.”
BackgroundMethod
Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions
Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009196 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
“The medial prefrontal cortex has been hypothesized to have specific roles for emotion-related decision making(6) and emotional self-regulation.(7) The insula is thought of as the brain's "alarm center," integrating internal somatic cues with emotional experience,(8) and has been linked specifically to disgust.”
Background
Contextual risk and parenting as predictors of effortful control and social competence in preschool children
Lengua, L. J., Honorado, E., & Bush, N. R. (2006) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.10.001 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Impulse and Constraint: Perspectives From Personality Psychology, Convergence With Theory in Other Areas, and Potential for Integration
Carver, C. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_2 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
“For example, as was noted earlier, there is evidence that experiences consistent with approach and positive affect are associated with relatively greater activation of left anterior cortical areas and that experiences consistent with avoidance and distress are associated with relatively greater activation of right ant…”
Background
Coping Through Emotional Approach: A New Look at Emotion, Coping, and Health‐Related Outcomes
Austenfeld, J. L., & Stanton, A. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00299.x · Cited by 419 · see citing works
The Role of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala in Mediating Fear and Anxiety in the Primate
Kalin, N. H., Shelton, S. E., & Davidson, R. J. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0292-04.2004 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
“, 1992; Fuster, 1997), and evidence suggests that these structures are an important part of the circuitry involved in regulation of emotion in humans (Davidson et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Neural and behavioral substrates of mood and mood regulation
Davidson, R. J., Lewis, D. A., Alloy, L. B., Amaral, D. G., Bush, G., Cohen, J. D., Drevets, W. C., Farah, M. J., Kagan, J., McClelland, J. L., et al. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01458-0 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citation
Learning to BREATHE: A Pilot Trial of a Mindfulness Curriculum for Adolescents
Broderick, P. C., & Metz, S. (2009) · Advances in School Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/1754730x.2009.9715696 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
“Specific skills of emotion regulation might include awareness of emotional experience, identification of specific emotions and their intensity, constructive emotional expression, and distress tolerance (Cole et al, 2004; Davidson et al, 2000; Thompson, 1994).”
Background
Ecstasy and Agony: Activation of the Human Amygdala in Positive and Negative Emotion
Hamann, S. B., Ely, T. D., Hoffman, J. M., & Kilts, C. D. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00425 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
“Consistent with this view, the human amygdala’s role in negative emotion has been amply demonstrated by a wealth of data from a range of methods and domains (see Aggleton, 2000, and Davidson et al., 2000, for reviews), but little evidence exists for a corresponding role in positive emotion.”
Background
Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion
Wadlinger, H. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310365565 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
“…left anterior cortical activation increase in MBSR participants may indicate emotion regulatory processes are taking place as activation in this area is correlated with positive emotional expression and higher levels of dispositional positive affect (R. J. Davidson et al., 2000; Urry et al., 2004).”
Background
Facial expressions and complex IAPS pictures: Common and differential networks
Britton, J. C., Taylor, S. F., Sudheimer, K. D., & Liberzon, I. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.050 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
“, 1997a), and medial prefrontal activation reflecting emotion regulation (Davidson et al., 2000)).”
Background
Developing Sustainable Leaders Through Coaching and Compassion
Boyatzis, R. E., Smith, M. L., & Blaize, N. (2006) · Academy of Management Learning & Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2006.20388381 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Linking Students’ Emotions and Academic Achievement: When and Why Emotions Matter
Valiente, C., Swanson, J., & Eisenberg, N. (2011) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00192.x · Cited by 408 · see citing works
“If a consistently sad or anxious student continually withdraws from aversive stimuli (such as negative experiences while participating in learning groups), he or she is likely to miss out on the benefits of working with peers (Davidson et al., 2000).”
Background
Allostasis and the human brain: Integrating models of stress from the social and life sciences
Ganzel, B., Morris, P. A., & Wethington, E. (2010) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/a0017773 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“Further, this control is primarily localized within a limited number of brain regions that function together as a neural circuit or set of interconnected circuits (see below; e.g., Davidson et al., 2000; Gregg & Siegel, 2001; Ishai.”
Attentional bias to threat in social phobia: facilitated processing of threat or difficulty disengaging attention from threat
Amir, N., Elias, J., Klumpp, H., & Przeworski, A. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00039-1 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function during anticipated peer evaluation in pediatric social anxiety
Guyer, A. E., Lau, J. Y. F., McClure-Tone, E. B., Parrish, J., Shiffrin, N. D., Reynolds, R. C., Chen, G., Blair, R. J. R., Leibenluft, E., Fox, N. A., et al. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1303 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Control Processes and Self-Organization as Complementary Principles Underlying Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0604_05 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
“It is interesting, however, that the general sense of these ideas is echoed in a family of neurobiological motive theories that currently are receiving considerable attention from personality and social psychologists (e.g., Cloninger, 1998; Davidson, 1998; Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000; Depue & Collins, 1999; Depue…”
Background
Now You Feel It, Now You Don't: Frontal Brain Electrical Asymmetry and Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation
Jackson, D. C., Mueller, C. J., Dolski, I., Dalton, K. M., Nitschke, J. B., Urry, H. L., Rosenkranz, M. A., Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1473.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citation
Short-term emotion assessment in a recall paradigm
Chanel, G., Kierkels, J. J. M., Soleymani, M., & Pun, T. (2009) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.03.005 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
“It has been shown that correlates of emotions can be observed from brain activity, especially in the pre-frontal cortex and the amygdala (Adolphs et al., 2003; Damasio et al., 2000; Davidson, 2003; Davidson et al., 2000; Rolls, 2000).”
Background
Sadness and amusement reactivity differentially predict concurrent and prospective functioning in major depressive disorder.
Rottenberg, J. A., Kasch, K. L., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.2.2.135 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“…compared with nondepressed controls, depressed individuals have been found to exhibit less positive expressive behavior in response to pleasant film and pleasant drink stimuli (Berenbaum & Oltmanns, 1992) and to be less behaviorally responsive to reward contingencies (Henriques & Davidson, 2000).”
Background
THE SIMILARITY-IN-TOPOGRAPHY PRINCIPLE: RECONCILING THEORIES OF CONCEPTUAL DEFICITS
Simmons, W. K., & Barsalou, L. W. (2003) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290342000032 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
“Following A. R. Damasio’s (1994) somatic marker theory, various researchers have similarly found that orbito-frontal cortex integrates emotional and conceptual information (e.g., Davidson, 2000; Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000 ).”
Method
Self-Centeredness and Selflessness: A Theory of Self-Based Psychological Functioning and Its Consequences for Happiness
Dambrun, M., & Ricard, M. (2011) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023059 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
“According to Donahue (1985), the latter is a “religion of comfort and social convention, a self-serving, instrumental approach shaped to suit oneself” (p.”
Background
Hippocampus and Amygdala Morphology in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Plessen, K. J., Bansal, R., Zhu, H., Whiteman, R., Amat, J., Quackenbush, G. A., Martin, L., Durkin, K., Blair, C., Royal, J., et al. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.795 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
At the interface of the affective, behavioral, and cognitive neurosciences: Decoding the emotional feelings of the brain
Panksepp, J. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00003-4 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Neuroeconomics
Loewenstein, G. F., Rick, S. I., & Cohen, J. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093710 · Cited by 342 · see citing works

For personal use only--not for distribution. Emotion, Plasticity, Context, and Regulation Perspectives From Affective Neuroscience
Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C., & Kalin, N. H. (2013)
Self-citation
Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity.
Davidson, R. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.11.1196 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Self-citation
The neural circuitry of emotion and affective style: prefrontal cortex and amygdala contributions
Davidson, R. J. (2001) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/053901801040001002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: Toward a synthesis
Davidson, R. J. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00067 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anxiety and affective style: role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Davidson, R. J. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01328-2 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C., & Kalin, N. H.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin System (US)
ORCID: Davidson, Richard J.
Kalin, Ned H.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000-11
Volume: 126
Issue: 6
Pages: 890-909
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.890
OpenAlex: W2045914666
Cited by: 1,322
References: 228
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 18.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh040747-14, 5r01mh046792-04)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH40747, MH 43454, MH46792)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: prefrontal cortex, amygdala, affective style, hippocampus, emotion regulation, psychopathology, stress, neural circuits
MeSH terms: Affect, Affective Symptoms, Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Humans, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurosciences, Social Environment

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Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience.

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