Cited by 8,596Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesBehavioral Health and InterventionsSmoking Behavior and Cessation

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In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors.

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Prochaska, James O., DiClemente, Carlo C., Norcross, John C.·1992·American Psychologist

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Abstract

How people intentionally change addictive behaviors with and without treatment is not well understood by behavioral scientists. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key trans-theoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. Modification of addictive behaviors involves progression through five stages--pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance--and individuals typically recycle through these stages several times before termination of the addiction. Multiple studies provide strong support for these stages as well as for a finite and common set of change processes used to progress through the stages. Research to date supports a trans-theoretical model of change that systematically integrates the stages with processes of change from diverse theories of psychotherapy.

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Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.
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Untitled work
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Authors: Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C.
Affiliations: University of Rhode Island (US)
ORCID: DiClemente, Carlo C.
Norcross, John C.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992-09
Volume: 47
Issue: 9
Pages: 1102-1114
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.47.9.1102
OpenAlex: W2061320251
Cited by: 8,596
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 74 · 2025: 118 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 162 · 2022: 170 · 2021: 264 · 2020: 309 · 2019: 274 · 2018: 288 · 2017: 266 · 2016: 319 · 2015: 367 · 2014: 362 · 2013: 401 · 2012: 400
FWCI: 56.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
digitalcommons.uri.edu
Licence: cc-by
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Journal of Media Literacy Education (submittedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed
Funders: National Cancer Institute (P01CA050087, R01CA027821)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: addictive behavior, stages of change, change processes, transtheoretical model, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, addiction recovery
MeSH terms: Aftercare, Health Maintenance Organizations, Humans, Motivation, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Psychotherapy, Social Support, Smoking Cessation, Behavior, Addictive

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In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors.

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