Yoga as a complementary treatment for smoking cessation in women
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death among American women. Aerobic exercise has shown promise as an aid to smoking cessation because it improves affect and reduces nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Studies outside the realm of smoking cessation have shown that yoga practice also reduces perceived stress and negative affect. METHODS: This pilot study examines the feasibility and initial efficacy of yoga as a complementary therapy for smoking cessation. Fifty-five women were given 8-week group-based cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation and were randomized to a twice-weekly program of Vinyasa yoga or a general health and wellness program (contact control). The primary outcome measure was 7-day point prevalence abstinence at the end of treatment validated by saliva cotinine testing. Longitudinal analyses were also conducted to examine the effect of intervention on smoking cessation at 3- and 6-month follow-up. We examined the effects of the intervention on potential mediating variables (e.g., confidence in quitting smoking, self-efficacy), as well as measures of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and perceived health (SF-36). RESULTS: At end of treatment, women in the yoga group had a greater 7-day point-prevalence abstinence rate than controls (odds ratio [OR], 4.56; 95% CI, 1.1-18.6). Abstinence remained higher among yoga participants through the six month assessment (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.34-6.92), although differences were no longer statistically significant. Women participating in the yoga program also showed reduced anxiety and improvements in perceived health and well-being when compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Yoga may be an efficacious complementary therapy for smoking cessation among women.
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Bock 2012 observed no statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences between conditions for depression, anxiety, and general well-being at 8 weeks.
“No statistically significant or clinically meaningful differences between conditions were observed.”
From Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · cites this paper as Bock 2012
Bock 2012's comparison of yoga with matched-intensity treatment had a point estimate favouring yoga but substantial imprecision (RR 1.44, 95% CI 0.40 to 5.16; 55 participants; very low-certainty evidence).
“Bock 2012's point estimate favoured yoga over alternative smoking cessation treatment but there was substantial imprecision, meaning the result could indicate potential harm as well as considerable benefit (RR 1.44, 95% CI 0.40 to 5.16; 55 participants; very low‐certainty evidence; Analysis 4.1).”
From Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · cites this paper as Bock 2012
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Bock, B. C., Fava, J. L., Gaskins, R., Morrow, K. M., Williams, D. M., Jennings, E., Becker, B. M., Tremont, G., & Marcus, B. H.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Miriam Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bock, Beth C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Women s Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 240-248
- ISSN
- 1059-7115 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-9996
- 1931-843X
- PMC
- PMC3304243
- OpenAlex
- W2081775221
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Women s Health (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (AT003669, R21AT003669, R01AT006948)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- yoga, smoking cessation, women, Vinyasa yoga, complementary therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, nicotine withdrawal, abstinence, self-efficacy, anxiety, health perception, stress reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Complementary Therapies, Analysis of Variance, Cotinine, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Saliva, Smoking, Yoga, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Smoking Cessation, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
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