The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient
Abstract
SES is consistently associated with health outcomes, yet little is known about the psychosocial and behavioral mechanisms that might explain this association. Researchers usually control for SES rather than examine it. When it is studied, only effects of lower, poverty-level SES are generally examined. However, there is evidence of a graded association with health at all levels of SES, an observation that requires new thought about domains through which SES may exert its health effects. Variables are highlighted that show a graded relationship with both SES and health to provide examples of possible pathways between SES and health end points. Examples are also given of new analytic approaches that can better illuminate the complexities of the SES-health gradient.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It is prominent among the several mediating mechanisms through which risk for poor physical and mental health increases in inverse relation to socioeconomic status (SES; Adler et al., 1994).”
From Stress and the development of self-regulation in context (2010) · cites this paper as Adler et al., 1994
Citations
Cites
Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310 · Cited by 18,093
Self-citationPsychological Stress and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., & Smith, A. P. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199108293250903 · Cited by 1,712
Self-citationPappas, G., Queen, S., Hadden, W., & Fisher, G. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307083290207 · Cited by 1,524
Aging and health: effects of the sense of control
Rodin, J. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3749877 · Cited by 959
Hostility, CHD Incidence, and Total Mortality: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study of 255 Physicians
Barefoot, J. C., Dahlstrom, G. W., & Williams, R. B. (1983) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198303000-00008 · Cited by 866
The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.
Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B. (1989) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198901000-00005 · Cited by 825
Socioeconomic Status Differences in Vulnerability to Undesirable Life Events
McLeod, J. D., & Kessler, R. C. (1990) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137170 · Cited by 672 · cited 2×
“McLeod and Kessler (1990) found small but consistent associations between SES and exposure to negative life events.”
Hostility, Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, and Mortality
Shekelle, R. B., Gale, M., Ostfeld, A. M., & Paul, O. (1983) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198305000-00003 · Cited by 554
Dembroski, T. M., MacDougall, J. M., Costa, P. T., & Grandits, G. A. (1989) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198909000-00003 · Cited by 377
Formal education as a marker for increased mortality and morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis
Pincus, T., & Callahan, L. F. (1985) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(85)90095-5 · Cited by 198
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–129 of 129
Statistical assessment of mediational effects for logistic mediational models
Huang, B., Sivaganesan, S., Succop, P., & Goodman, E. (2004) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1847 · Cited by 89
Hong, S., Walton, E., Tamaki, E., & Sabin, J. A. (2014) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035680 · Cited by 91
Life course transitions in early adulthood and SES disparities in tobacco use
Pampel, F. C., Mollborn, S., & Lawrence, E. M. (2014) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.08.005 · Cited by 80
Socio‐economic status and HbA 1c in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Bijlsma-Rutte, A., Rutters, F., Elders, P. J. M., Bot, S. D. M., & Nijpels, G. (2018) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3008 · Cited by 82
Tang, K., Wang, H., Tan, S. H., Xin, T., Qu, X., Tang, T., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., & Gaoshan, J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028485 · Cited by 76
Stress at work: Differential experiences of high versus low SES workers
Damaske, S., Zawadzki, M. J., & Smyth, J. M. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.010 · Cited by 71
Upstream Solutions: Does the Supplemental Security Income Program Reduce Disability in the Elderly?
HERD, P., SCHOENI, R. F., & HOUSE, J. S. (2008) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2007.00512.x · Cited by 68
Self-Management: Its place in the management of chronic illnesses
Walker, C., Swerissen, H., & Belfrage, J. (2003) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah030034a · Cited by 55
Disability Theory and Public Policy: Implications for Critical Gerontology
Kennedy, J., & Minkler, M. (1998) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/3c1x-tqae-7udm-2nwq · Cited by 60
Social Stratification, Health, and Violence in the Very Young
BOYCE, W. T. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1330.003 · Cited by 59
Self-citationProbable depression and suicidal ideation in Hong Kong amid massive civil unrest
Hou, W. K., Hall, B. J., Liang, L., Li, T. W., Liu, H., & Galea, S. (2021) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.006 · Cited by 50
Personality, gender, and age resilience to the mental health effects of COVID-19
Staneva, A., Carmignani, F., & Rohde, N. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114884 · Cited by 50
Evolutionary origins of polycystic ovary syndrome: An environmental mismatch disorder
Charifson, M. A., & Trumble, B. C. (2019) · Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoz011 · Cited by 44
Fostering Belonging, Transforming Schools: The Impact of Restorative Practices
Darling-Hammond, S. (2023) · Learning Policy Institute · doi:10.54300/169.703 · Cited by 47
Occupational Prestige: The Status Component of Socioeconomic Status
Hughes, B. T., Srivastava, S., Leszko, M., & Condon, D. M. (2024) · Collabra: Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.92882 · Cited by 44
Murphy, M. L. M., Slavich, G. M., Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614556320 · Cited by 43
Deverts, D. J., Cohen, S., Kalra, P., & Matthews, K. A. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.017 · Cited by 44
Self-citationCAREY, M. P., BRAATEN, L. S., JAWORSKI, B. C., DURANT, L. E., & FORSYTH, A. D. (1999) · Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine · doi:10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.657 · Cited by 41
Infectious Diseases, Non–Zero-Sum Thinking, and the Developing World
Folch, E., Hernandez, I., Barragan, M., & Franco-Paredes, C. (2003) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-200308000-00003 · Cited by 39
FERNANDER, A. F., DURA´N, R. E. F., SAAB, P. G., LLABRE, M. M., & SCHNEIDERMAN, N. (2003) · Ethnicity & Health · doi:10.1080/13557850303563 · Cited by 40
Hostility, unemployment and health status: testing three theoretical models
Kivimäki, M., Elovainio, M., Kokko, K., Pulkkinen, L., Kortteinen, M., & Tuomikoski, H. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00219-8 · Cited by 37
Kabat-Zinn, J., de Torrijos, F., Skillings, A. H., Blacker, M., Mumford, G. T., Alvares, D. L., Santorelli, S., & Rosal, M. C. (2016) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2016.09.007 · Cited by 27
Prather, A. A. (2019) · Sleep and Health · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815373-4.00024-1 · Cited by 27
Impact of demographic factors on chronic pain among adults in the United States
Mullins, P. M., Yong, R. J., & Bhattacharyya, N. (2022) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001009 · Cited by 20
Health Disparities Affecting Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States: An Introduction
(2007) · Unequal Opportunity · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301533.003.0001 · Cited by 18
The utility of EMR address histories for assessing neighborhood exposures
Hughes, A. E., & Pruitt, S. L. (2017) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.07.016 · Cited by 18
Inflammation Through a Psychoneuroimmunological Lens
Bennett, J. M., Gillie, B. L., Lindgren, M. E., Fagundes, C. P., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2013) · Handbook of Systems and Complexity in Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4998-0_19 · Cited by 15
Lifetime Abuse and Mental Health Among Older Persons: A European Study
Eslami, B., Macassa, G., Melchiorre, M. G., Barros, H., Viitasara, E., Lindert, J., Stankunas, M., Torres-Gonzalez, F., Ioannidi-Kapolou, E., & Soares, J. J. F. (2017) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1330295 · Cited by 10
Dopamine Type 2/3 Receptor Availability in the Striatum and Social Status in Human Volunteers
Martinez, D., Orlowska, D., Narendran, R., Slifstein, M., Liu, F., Kumar, D., Broft, A., Van Heertum, R., & Kleber, H. D. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.037 · Cited by 146
Metadata
- Authors
- Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-24
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W4252136409
- Cited by
- 2,383
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 114 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 49.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, health disparities, social gradient, psychosocial mechanisms, behavioral mechanisms, poverty, health outcomes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
