Targeted rejection predicts decreased anti-inflammatory gene expression and increased symptom severity in youth with asthma
Open accessAbstract
Although responses to different stressors are sometimes assumed to be similar, recent research has demonstrated that certain types of stress, such as targeted rejection, are particularly potent. To test such associations in a chronic-disease model, we examined how noninterpersonal, interpersonal, and targeted-rejection major life events predicted changes in gene expression and symptom severity in 121 youths with asthma who were assessed every 6 months for 2 years. Youths who had recently experienced targeted rejection had lower messenger RNA expression for signaling molecules that control airway inflammation and obstruction (specifically, the glucocorticoid receptor and β2-adrenergic receptor) than youths who had not experienced targeted rejection. These associations were specific to targeted rejection and stronger for youths higher in subjective social status. Higher-status youths exposed to targeted rejection (but not other types of stress) also reported more asthma symptoms. These data demonstrate stressor-specific associations with molecular-signaling pathways and the severity of asthma, and they suggest that threats to the social self may be particularly deleterious.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · see citing works
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881 · see citing works
Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001
Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Dietz, W. H., Vinicor, F., Bales, V. S., & Marks, J. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.76 · Cited by 5,866 · see citing works
The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations
Spear, L. P. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2 · Cited by 5,433 · see citing works
Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986031004437 · Cited by 5,044 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient.
Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.49.1.15 · Cited by 3,182 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035302 · Cited by 2,206 · see citing works
Nathan, C., & Ding, A. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.029 · Cited by 2,183 · see citing works
Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406 · Cited by 2,143 · see citing works
Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression.
Hammen, C. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.4.555 · Cited by 1,446 · see citing works
Adolescents' Perceptions of Social Status: Development and Evaluation of a New Indicator
Goodman, E., Adler, N. E., Kawachi, I. I., Frazier, A. L., Huang, B., & Colditz, G. A. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.108.2.e31 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression.
Hammen, C. L. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.555 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Daily Companionship in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: Changing Developmental Contexts
Larson, R. W., & Richards, M. H. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01531.x · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Daily Companionship in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: Changing Developmental Contexts
Larson, R., & Richards, M. H. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131003 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Reciprocal regulation of the neural and innate immune systems
Irwin, M. R., & Cole, S. W. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3042 · Cited by 910 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Theorists believe that these responses prepare the body to manage threats, including injuries and infections, that accompanied exclusion in socially hostile ancestral environments (Dickerson, Gruenewald, & Kemeny, 2011; Irwin & Cole, 2011; Slavich et al., 2010).”
Status of Childhood Asthma in the United States, 1980–2007
Akinbami, L. J., Moorman, J. E., Garbe, P. L., & Sondik, E. J. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2233c · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Hansen, D. M., Larson, R. W., & Dworkin, J. (2003) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/1532-7795.1301006 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Evolution of the Stress Concept
McCarty, R. C. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190697266.003.0003 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics
Slavich, G. M., & Cole, S. W. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613478594 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Kemeny, M. E. (2003) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01246 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
The role of socioeconomic status gradients in explaining differences in US adolescents' health.
Goodman, E. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.10.1522 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
A re-evaluation of the concept of ‘non-specificity’ in stress theory
Mason, J. W. (1971) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(71)90028-8 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Black sheep get the blues: a psychobiological model of social rejection and depression
Slavich, G. M., O’Donovan, A., Epel, E. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.003 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Perturbing the organism: the biology of stressful experience
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-2669 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
The evolution of the stress concept.
Selye, H. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Handbook of depression, 2nd ed.
Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (2009) · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Doane, L. D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M. G., & Adam, E. K. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001213 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506312103 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationDickerson, S. S., Gable, S. L., Irwin, M. R., Aziz, N., & Kemeny, M. E. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02437.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
But what does it mean? The use of effect sizes in educational research
Elliot, K. (2004) · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Targeted Rejection Predicts Hastened Onset of Major Depression
Slavich, G. M., Thornton, T., Torres, L. D., Monroe, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.2.223 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial status and coronary artery atherosclerosis in female monkeys.
Shively, C. A., & Clarkson, T. B. (1994) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.14.5.721 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Stress and Asthma: From Constricting Communities and Fragile Families to Epigenetics
Wright, R. J. (2010) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2010.09.011 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
A longitudinal examination of stress generation in depressive and anxiety disorders.
Uliaszek, A. A., Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Craske, M. G., Griffith, J. W., Sutton, J. M., Epstein, A. M., & Hammen, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025835 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Kemeny, M. E. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.08.008 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The Pathogenicity of Behavior and Its Neuroendocrine Mediation
Manuck, S. B., Marsland, A. L., Kaplan, J. R., & Williams, J. K. (1995) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199505000-00009 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Subjective social status moderates cortisol responses to social threat
Gruenewald, T. L., Kemeny, M. E., & Aziz, N. (2006) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.11.005 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Murphy, M. L. M., Slavich, G. M., Rohleder, N., & Miller, G. E. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702612455743 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M., Tartter, M. A., Brennan, P. A., & Hammen, C. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.009 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Effect sizes in multilevel models.
Tymms, P. B. (2004) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Pirkola, J., Vääräsmäki, M., Ala‐Korpela, M., Bloigu, A. H., Canoy, D., Hartikainen, A., Leinonen, M., Miettola, S., Paldanius, M., Tammelin, T., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp320 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ramos, M., Correia, I., & Alves, H. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.798890 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Physiological Effects of Social Threat: Implications for Health
Dickerson, S. S., Gruenewald, T. L., & Kemeny, M. E. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342161.013.0052 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Ten Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk
Cohen, S., Murphy, M. L. M., & Prather, A. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
“…of depression (Slavich et al. 2009), promote suicidal ideation (Massing-Schaffer et al. 2019), upregulate molecular signaling pathways that increase inflammatory activity (Murphy et al. 2013), and downregulate molecular signaling pathways that reduce inflammatory activity (Murphy et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSlavich, G. M., & Sacher, J. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05326-9 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationLife Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings
Slavich, G. M. (2016) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628316662768 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Social Safety Theory: Conceptual foundation, underlying mechanisms, and future directions
Slavich, G. M., Roos, L. G., Mengelkoch, S., Webb, C. A., Shattuck, E. C., Moriarity, D. P., & Alley, J. C. (2023) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2023.2171900 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Olvera Alvarez, H. A., Kubzansky, L. D., Campen, M. J., & Slavich, G. M. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.002 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“, 2013) and downregulation of anti-inflammatory pathways (Murphy et al., 2015).”
Chiang, J. J., Lam, P. H., Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2022) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000351 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Attachment and psychopathology: a dynamic model of the insecure cycle
Kobak, R., & Bosmans, G. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.018 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Future Directions in Peer Relations Research
Prinstein, M. J., & Giletta, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1756299 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Exposure to Violence, Psychosocial Stress, and Asthma
Landeo‐Gutierrez, J., Forno, E., Miller, G. E., & Celedon, J. C. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201905-1073pp · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M., Giletta, M., Helms, S. W., Hastings, P. D., Rudolph, K. D., Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22987 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101299 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Chronic stress and asthma in adolescents
Landeo‐Gutierrez, J., & Celedon, J. C. (2020) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.07.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M., Tartter, M. A., Brennan, P. A., & Hammen, C. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.009 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Cazassa, M. J., Oliveira, M. D. S., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03083 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ehrlich, K. B., Ross, K. M., Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000845 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Human social genomics: Concepts, mechanisms, and implications for health
Slavich, G. M., Mengelkoch, S., & Cole, S. W. (2023) · Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1002/lim2.75 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Frontal-Brainstem Pathways Mediating Placebo Effects on Social Rejection
Koban, L., Kross, E. F., Woo, C., Ruzic, L. L., & Wager, T. D. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2658-16.2017 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Massing-Schaffer, M., Helms, S. W., Rudolph, K. D., Slavich, G. M., Hastings, P. D., Giletta, M., Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1469093 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Social relationships and the immune system during development
Robles, T. F. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13350 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M., Shields, G. S., Deal, B., Gregory, A. A., & Toussaint, L. L. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences and transcriptional response in school-age children
Marie-Mitchell, A., & Cole, S. W. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000187x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Stanton, S. C. E., Zilioli, S., Briskin, J. L., Imami, L., Tobin, E. T., Wildman, D. E., Mair-Meijers, H. E., Luca, F., Kane, H. S., & Slatcher, R. B. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616687125 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Finegood, E. D., Lam, P. H., Weissman-Tsukamoto, R., Leigh, A. K. K., Hoffer, L. C., Carroll, A., Brody, G. H., Parrish, T. B., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.03.008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Levine, C. S., Basu, D., & Chen, E. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12236 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Violence-related distress and lung function in two longitudinal studies of youth
Gaietto, K. M., Han, Y., Forno, E., Bacharier, L. B., Phipatanakul, W., Guilbert, T. W., Cabana, M. D., Ross, K. R., Blatter, J. A., Acosta‐Pérez, E., et al. (2021) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.02329-2021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Stressed Brain: Neural Underpinnings of Social Stress Processing in Humans
Muscatell, K. A., Merritt, C., Cohen, J. R., Chang, L. J., & Lindquist, K. A. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_281 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kollberg, K. S., Wiley, J. F., Ross, K. M., Jorge-Miller, A., Hammen, C. L., Weihs, K. L., & Stanton, A. L. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay045 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Imami, L., Stanton, S. C. E., Zilioli, S., Tobin, E. T., Farrell, A. K., Luca, F., & Slatcher, R. B. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218808497 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Park, H., Song, W., Cho, S., McGeachie, M. J., Martinez, F., Mauger, D. T., Bender, B. G., & Tantisira, K. G. (2018) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-018-0110-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Moderators of the relationship between frequent family demands and inflammation among adolescents.
Levine, C. S., Hoffer, L. C., & Chen, E. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000469 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gender discrimination facilitates fMRI responses and connectivity to thermal pain
Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Mu, Y., Wei, Z., & Kong, Y. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118644 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sichko, S., Bui, T. Q., Vinograd, M., Shields, G. S., Saha, K., Devkota, S., Alvarez, H. A. O., Carroll, J., Cole, S. W., Irwin, M. R., et al. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100334 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kim, E. S., Kim, Y. T., Oh, K., Shin, Y. C., Jeon, S. W., Shin, D., Cho, S. J., Slavich, G. M., & Kim, J. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15010032 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Scott, L. N., Banica, I., Brown, S. L., Valencia, E. M. H., Krafty, R. T., & Slavich, G. M. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725101414 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Early Life Stress, Coping, and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Acute Social Stress
Mrug, S., Pollock, J. S., Pollock, D. M., Seifert, M. E., Johnson, K. A., & Knight, D. C. (2022) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001165 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Robles, T. F., Bai, S., & Meng, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-022-10103-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Corallo, K. L., Lyle, S. M., Carlock, M. A., Ross, T. M., & Ehrlich, K. B. (2022) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001054 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Heumann, J., Cole, S. W., Eisner, M., Ribeaud, D., Grünblatt, E., & Shanahan, M. J. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring the causal link between childhood maltreatment and asthma: a Mendelian randomization study
Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Li, J., Ren, H., Wang, X., Qiu, H., Luo, H., Wang, X., Li, J., Hu, R., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2383127 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peer victimization, pro-inflammatory, and antiviral gene expression pathways in adolescents
Giletta, M., Michels, N., Slavich, G. M., & Cole, S. W. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107858
Touw, D. C. W., Messaoudi, S. E., Mulder, W. J. M., Netea, M. G., Slavich, G. M., & Riksen, N. P. (2026) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.70447
- Authors
- Murphy, M. L. M., Slavich, G. M., Chen, E., & Miller, G. E.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-01-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-121
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC4350370
- OpenAlex
- W2096528025
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL108723, R01HL073975)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH103443)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD058502)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- childhood asthma, youth, major life events, stress, gene expression, glucocorticoid receptor, beta2-adrenergic receptor, airway inflammation, asthma symptom severity, subjective social status, social self, interpersonal stress, chronic disease
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Asthma, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Rejection, Psychology, Stress, Psychological, Signal Transduction, Down-Regulation, Gene Expression, Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
