The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children.
Abstract
Autism is a serious psychological disorder with onset in early childhood. Autistic children show minimal emotional ttachment, absent or abnormal speech, retarded IQ, ritualistic behaviors, ag-gression, and self-injury. The prognosis i very poor, and medical therapies have not proven effective. This article reports the results of behavior modification treatment for two groups of similarly consti-tuted, young autistic hildren. Follow-up data from an intensive, long-term experimental reatment group (n = 19) showed that 47 % achieved normal intellectual nd educational functioning, with normal-range IQ scores and successful first grade performance in public schools. Another 40 % were mildly retarded and assigned to special classes for the language delayed, and only 10 % were pro-foundly retarded and assigned to classes for the autistic/retarded. In contrast, only 2 % of the control-group children (n = 40) achieved normal educational nd intellectual functioning; 45 % were mildly retarded and placed in language-delayed classes, and 53 % were severely retarded and placed in autis-tic/retarded classes. Kanner (1943) defined autistic hildren as children who ex-hibit (a) serious failure to develop relationships with other peo-ple before 30 months of age, (b) problems in development of
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In the citing paper
“One larger multi-site trial found attenuated benefits with improvement in language outcomes at two of the three trial sites, but no differences between the treatment as usual and ESDM groups in overall developmental ability, adaptive behaviour or ASD severity 179,183 .”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [179]
In the citing paper
“although some interventions have increased parental responsiveness 179 .”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [179]
In the citing paper
“The ambition of ABA to render autistic children ‘indistinguishable from their normal friends’ (Lovaas, 1987, p. 8) at the very least obscures any distinctive autistic strengths.”
From Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science (2022) · cites this paper as Lovaas, 1987
In the citing paper
“In 1987, psychologist Ivar Lovaas published a study that concluded that 47% of Autistic children who received 40 h a week of intensive behavioral therapy would go on to demonstrate cognitive abilities in the normal range and attain mainstream educational placements, in comparison to 2% of control children (Lovaas, 1987).”
From Neurodiversity and Autism Intervention: Reconciling Perspectives Through a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Framework (2022) · cites this paper as Lovaas, 1987
In the citing paper
“The underlying message, of course, was that elimination of autism “symptomatology” was the ultimate objective.”
From Neurodiversity and Autism Intervention: Reconciling Perspectives Through a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Framework (2022) · cites this paper as Lovaas, 1987
In the citing paper
“The 1987 report by Lovaas5 of an early behavioral intervention that resulted in 49% of children in the study being mainstreamed into regular classrooms and showing significant IQ gains created a groundswell of interest among parents and professionals in early intervention and raised questions about early plasticity in children with autism.6”
From Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Intervention for Toddlers With Autism: The Early Start Denver Model (2010) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“ASAN's perspective is different and is instead rooted in the idea of 'neurodiversity', which challenges the 'medical model' that assumes that the goal of service provision or 'treatment' is to restore autistic people to 'normalcy' or, as Lovaas put it, indistinguishability from peers [40].”
From Lobbying Autism's Diagnostic Revision in the DSM-5 (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Based upon staff training in comprehensive models of ABA intervention associated with desired results, the RBT® guideline of 40 h of training appears to be generally less than typical.”
From Concerns About the Registered Behavior Technician™ in Relation to Effective Autism Intervention (2017) · cites this paper as Lovaas, 1987
In the citing paper
“the effectiveness of early intensive behavioral training to foster social interaction and speech development (18, 19) can be understood as a result of gently enforcing the child’s engagement in an interaction with the social environment, which is usually too noisy and dynamic for the affected child to be regarded as learnable and with which it, therefore, does not interact spontaneously.”
From Can Bayesian Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder Help Improve Clinical Practice? (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Intellectual ability, communication and language functioning, adaptive behavior, and educational placement and support have all been demonstrated to improve with early intervention.1–3”
From Long-Term Outcomes of Early Intervention in 6-Year-Old Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Early intensive behavioral intervention is recognized as an efficacious approach for improving outcomes for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).”
From Long-Term Outcomes of Early Intervention in 6-Year-Old Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
SOME GENERALIZATION AND FOLLOW‐UP MEASURES ON AUTISTIC CHILDREN IN BEHAVIOR THERAPY 1
Lovaas, O. I., Koegel, R., Simmons, J. Q., & Long, J. S. (1973) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-131 · Cited by 798
Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: 1. Prevalence
Lotter, V. (1966) · Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00584048 · Cited by 780
Prognosis in autism: a follow-up study
DeMyer, M. K., Barton, S., DeMyer, W. E., Norton, J. A., Allen, J., & Steele, R. (1973) · Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia · doi:10.1007/bf01538281 · Cited by 287
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Bibby, P., Eikeseth, S., Martin, N. T., Mudford, O. C., & Reeves, D. (2001) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/s0891-4222(01)00082-8 · Cited by 68
Leaf, R. B., Taubman, M. T., McEachin, J. J., Leaf, J. B., & Tsuji, K. H. (2011) · Education and Treatment of Children · doi:10.1353/etc.2011.0012 · Cited by 58
Transfer of staff training from workshops to group homes: A failure to generalize across settings
Smith, T., Parker, T., Taubman, M., & Ivar Lovaas, O. (1992) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/0891-4222(92)90040-d · Cited by 56
Treatments for fragile X syndrome: A closer look at the data
Hall, S. S. (2009) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.78 · Cited by 56
Kok, A. J., Kong, T. Y., & Bernard-Opitz, V. (2002) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361302006002005 · Cited by 55
Relational frame theory and human intelligence
Cassidy, S., Roche, B., & O’Hora, D. (2010) · European Journal of Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1080/15021149.2010.11434333 · Cited by 53
Rivard, M., Morin, M., Mercier, C., Terroux, A., Mello, C., & Lépine, A. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0604-5 · Cited by 52
Beglinger, L., & Smith, T. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3292-3 · Cited by 50
Behavioral interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders
LeBlanc, L. A., & Gillis, J. M. (2012) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.10.006 · Cited by 48
SMARTer Approach to Personalizing Intervention for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kasari, C., Sturm, A., & Shih, W. (2018) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-rsaut-18-0029 · Cited by 46
Early functional brain development in autism and the promise of sleep fMRI
Pierce, K. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.028 · Cited by 43
Training and Certifying Behavior Analysts
Shook, G. L., Ala’i-Rosales, S., & Glenn, S. S. (2002) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445502026001003 · Cited by 42
Kuppens, S., & Onghena, P. (2012) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.04.002 · Cited by 38
Raza, S., Harker, A., Richards, S., Kolb, B., & Gibb, R. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.055 · Cited by 37
Concerns About the Registered Behavior Technician™ in Relation to Effective Autism Intervention
Leaf, J. B., Leaf, R., McEachin, J., Taubman, M., Smith, T., Harris, S. L., Freeman, B. J., Mountjoy, T., Parker, T., Streff, T., et al. (2017) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-016-0145-9 · Cited by 37
Longmire, N. H., Vogus, T. J., & Colella, A. (2025) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22248 · Cited by 39
Preparation of Autism Specialists
Mcgee, G. G., & Morrier, M. J. (2005) · Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1002/9780470939352.ch19 · Cited by 39
Lobbying Autism's Diagnostic Revision in the DSM-5
Kapp, S. K., & Ne’eman, A. (2020) · Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_13 · Cited by 33
What is the evidence for long term effects of early autism interventions?
Matson, J. L., & Konst, M. J. (2013) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.11.005 · Cited by 34
Autism, “recovery (to normalcy)”, and the politics of hope
Broderick, A. A. (2009) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-47.4.263 · Cited by 30
Eikeseth, S., Klintwall, L., Hayward, D., & Gale, C. (2015) · European Journal of Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1080/15021149.2015.1066566 · Cited by 30
Zachor, D. A., & Ben‐Itzchak, E. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2313 · Cited by 28
Therapist characteristics predict discrete trial teaching procedural fidelity
Peters-Scheffer, N., Didden, R., Korzilius, H., & Sturmey, P. (2013) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-51.4.263 · Cited by 25
Reduced anxiety following pivotal response treatment in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Lei, J., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Abdullahi, S. M., Braconnier, M. L., & Ventola, P. (2017) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2017.09.002 · Cited by 18
McCormack, L., Wong, S. W., & Campbell, L. E. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05644-6 · Cited by 15
Jane Weiss, M., & Shook, G. L. (2010) · European Journal of Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1080/15021149.2010.11434345 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Lovaas, O. I.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1987
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-9
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2095824924
- Semantic Scholar
- 6faaf8c3d8db700a1e389b298a215a84cc64bd2d
- Cited by
- 3,288
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 155 · 2015: 156 · 2014: 186 · 2013: 154 · 2012: 148
- FWCI
- 11.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-11440)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, behavior therapy, behavior modification, intellectual functioning, school functioning, IQ, language delay, special education placement, long-term follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Behavior Therapy, Education, Special, Humans, Intelligence
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