The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Modeling and attributional effects on children's achievement: A self-efficacy analysis.
Open accessAbstract
Children showing low arithmetic achievement received either modeling of division operations or didactic instruction, followed by a practice period. During practice, half of the children in each instructional treatment received effort attribution for success and difficulty. Both instructional treatments enhanced division persistence, accuracy, and perceived efficacy, but cognitive modeling produced greater gains in accuracy. In the context of competency development, effort attribution had no significant effect either on perceived efficacy or on arithmetic performance. Perceived efficacy was an accurate predictor of arithmetic performance across levels of task difficulty and modes of treatment. The treatment combining modeling with effort attribution produced the highest congruence between efficacy judgment and performance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Self-percepts of efficacy can affect people's choice of activities, how much effort they expend, and how long they will persist in the face of difficulties (Bandura, 1977a;Brown & Inouye, 1978;Schunk, 1981).”
From Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. (1981) · cites this paper as Schunk, 1981
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
- STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES
Reddy, M. V. (2014) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17560-26 · Cited by 12,121
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1978) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4 · Cited by 10,586
Multiple regression in behavioral research
Kerlinger, F. N., & Pedhazur, E. J. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,919
Social learning and clinical psychology.
Rotter, J. B. (1954) · Prentice-Hall, Inc eBooks · doi:10.1037/10788-000 · Cited by 4,086
A DYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY
Lewin, K. (1936) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-193611000-00051 · Cited by 3,779
Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior
JONES, E. E. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,760
A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences
Weiner, B. (1979) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.71.1.3 · Cited by 2,453
Cognitive-Behavior Modification: An Integrative Approach
Meichenbaum, D. H. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,619
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Bandura, A. Social learning perspective on behavior change. In A. Burton (Ed.), What makes behavior change possible? New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1976.
- Bandura, A. The self' and mechanisms of agency. In J. Suls (Ed.), Social psychological perspectives on the self Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, in press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33 · Cited by 8,332
Computer Self-Efficacy: Development of a Measure and Initial Test
Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. (1995) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249688 · Cited by 6,553
Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Academic Settings
Pajares, F. (1996) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170653 · Cited by 4,688
The four-phase model of interest development
Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_4 · Cited by 4,702
Self-Efficacy: An Essential Motive to Learn
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1016 · Cited by 4,294
Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation
Schunk, D. H. (1991) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.1991.9653133 · Cited by 4,292
Self-citationSelf-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview
Zimmerman, B. J. (1990) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2 · Cited by 3,687
A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.329 · Cited by 3,807
Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis.
Folkman, S. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.839 · Cited by 2,807
Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation.
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586 · Cited by 2,675
Self-citationSocial Cognitive Theory and Individual Reactions to Computing Technology: A Longitudinal Study1
Compeau, D., Higgins, C. A., & Huff, S. L. (1999) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249749 · Cited by 2,631
Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation.
Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.1.30 · Cited by 2,309
Academic Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy: How Different Are They Really?
Bong, M., & Skaalvik, E. M. (2003) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1021302408382 · Cited by 1,994
Academic self-efficacy and first year college student performance and adjustment.
Chemers, M. M., Hu, L.-T., & Garcia, B. F. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.55 · Cited by 2,031
The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1992) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90011-p · Cited by 1,717
Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems.
Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1017 · Cited by 1,511
Application of Social Cognitive Theory to Training for Computer Skills
Compeau, D., & Higgins, C. A. (1995) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.6.2.118 · Cited by 1,503
The development of academic self-efficacy
Schunk, D. H., & Pajares, F. (2002) · Development of Achievement Motivation · doi:10.1016/b978-012750053-9/50003-6 · Cited by 1,426
Self-citationSelf-Efficacy and Academic Motivation
NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, & Schunk, D. H. (1991) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 1,426
Self-citationCollective Efficacy Beliefs:Theoretical Developments, Empirical Evidence, and Future Directions
Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Hoy, A. W. (2004) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x033003003 · Cited by 1,329
Social origins of self-regulatory competence
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (1997) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3204_1 · Cited by 937
Self-citationSocial Cognitive Theory and Self-Regulated Learning
Schunk, D. H. (1989) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_4 · Cited by 935
Self-citationHarackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Tauer, J. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2002) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.562 · Cited by 921
Motivation and Schooling in the Middle Grades
Anderman, E. M., & Maehr, M. L. (1994) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543064002287 · Cited by 946
Greene, B. A., Miller, R. B., Crowson, H. M., Duke, B. L., & Akey, K. L. (2004) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.01.006 · Cited by 949
The role of cognitive engagement in classroom learning and motivation
Corno, L., & Mandinach, E. B. (1983) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461528309529266 · Cited by 853
Teacher Efficacy and the Effects of Coaching on Student Achievement
Ross, J. A. (1992) · Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation · doi:10.2307/1495395 · Cited by 771
Chemers, M. M., Zurbriggen, E. L., Syed, M., Goza, B. K., & Bearman, S. (2011) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01710.x · Cited by 757
Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors
Schunk, D. H. (1989) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01320134 · Cited by 819
Self-citationHeine, S. J., Kitayama, S., Lehman, D. R., Takata, T., Ide, E., Leung, C., & Matsumoto, H. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.599 · Cited by 782
Self-Efficacy and Education and Instruction
Schunk, D. H. (1995) · The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6868-5_10 · Cited by 720
Self-citationGender differences in academic self-efficacy: a meta-analysis
Huang, C. (2013) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-011-0097-y · Cited by 686
Comparison between self-concept and self-efficacy in academic motivation research
Bong, M., & Clark, R. E. (1999) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3403_1 · Cited by 668
Self‐efficacy perspective on achievement behavior
Schunk, D. H. (1984) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461528409529281 · Cited by 596
Self-citationGender Differences in Self-Efficacy and Attitudes toward Computers
Busch, T. (1995) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/h7e1-xmm7-gu9b-3hwr · Cited by 586
Self-efficacy and the stages of self-change of smoking
DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., & Gibertini, M. (1985) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01204849 · Cited by 562
Recycling misconceptions of perceived self-efficacy
Bandura, A. (1984) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172995 · Cited by 522
Self-efficacy, motivation, and performance
Schunk, D. H. (1995) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413209508406961 · Cited by 574
Self-citationToward an Instructionally Oriented Theory of Example‐Based Learning
Renkl, A. (2014) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12086 · Cited by 509
The Influence of Individual Differences on Skill in End-User Computing
Harrison, A. W., & Rainer, R. K. (1992) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.1992.11517949 · Cited by 498
Peer models: Influence on children's self-efficacy and achievement.
Schunk, D. H., & Hanson, A. R. (1985) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.77.3.313 · Cited by 486
Self-citationA Self-Efficacy Theory Explanation for the Management of Remote Workers in Virtual Organizations
Staples, D. S., Hulland, J. S., & Higgins, C. A. (1999) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.10.6.758 · Cited by 512
Bong, M. (2001) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.2000.1048 · Cited by 478
Development and Validation of the Computer Self-Efficacy Scale
Murphy, C. A., Coover, D., & Owen, S. V. (1989) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316448904900412 · Cited by 477
Influence of Self-Efficacy on Performance in a Cognitive Task
Bouffard‐Bouchard, T. (1990) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1990.9924591 · Cited by 474
Self-efficacy and classroom learning
Schunk, D. H. (1985) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/1520-6807(198504)22:2 · Cited by 472
Self-citationBandura, A., Reese, L., & Adams, N. E. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.43.1.5 · Cited by 462
Ability versus effort attributional feedback: Differential effects on self-efficacy and achievement.
Schunk, D. H. (1983) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.75.6.848 · Cited by 458
Self-citationEffects of effort attributional feedback on children's perceived self-efficacy and achievement.
Schunk, D. H. (1982) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.74.4.548 · Cited by 453
Self-citationOakes, J. (1990) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x016001153 · Cited by 512
Self-efficacy and human motivation
(2021) · Advances in Motivation Science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2020.10.001 · Cited by 439
Self-citationCollective efficacy: A neglected construct in the study of schools and student achievement.
Goddard, R. D. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.3.467 · Cited by 468
Differences between Elementary and Middle School Teachers and Students: A Goal Theory Approach
Midgley, C., Anderman, E. M., & Anderman, L. H. (1995) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431695015001006 · Cited by 447
Mood and self-efficacy: Impact of joy and sadness on perceived capabilities
Kavanagh, D. J., & Bower, G. H. (1985) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173005 · Cited by 446
Social Cognitive Theory and Motivation
Schunk, D. H., & Usher, E. L. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0002 · Cited by 415
Self-citationBouffard‐Bouchard, T., Parent, S., & Larivée, S. J. (1991) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/016502549101400203 · Cited by 432
Self-Efficacy as an Engaged Learner
Schunk, D. H., & Mullen, C. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_10 · Cited by 439
Self-citationParent Involvement and Student Academic Performance: A Multiple Mediational Analysis
Topor, D. R., Keane, S. P., Shelton, T. L., & Calkins, S. D. (2010) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2010.486297 · Cited by 388
Factors That Differentiate Underachieving Gifted Students From High-Achieving Gifted Students
McCoach, D. B., & Siegle, D. (2003) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/001698620304700205 · Cited by 379
Example-Based Learning: Integrating Cognitive and Social-Cognitive Research Perspectives
van Gog, T., & Rummel, N. (2010) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9134-7 · Cited by 426
The assessment and predictive generality of self-percepts of efficacy
Bandura, A. (1982) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(82)90004-0 · Cited by 376
Self-regulating academic learning and achievement: The emergence of a social cognitive perspective
Zimmerman, B. J. (1990) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01322178 · Cited by 376
Marsh, H. W., & Craven, R. G. (1996) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012554155-8/50008-9 · Cited by 362
Self-Efficacy: A Concept Analysis
Zulkosky, K. D. (2009) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6198.2009.00132.x · Cited by 355
Attributional retraining: A review.
Försterling, F. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.3.495 · Cited by 354
A National Survey of Teachers' Promotion of Self-Determination and Student-Directed Learning
Wehmeyer, M. L., Agran, M., & Hughes, C. (2000) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246690003400201 · Cited by 341
Hernandez, P. R., Schultz, P. W., Estrada, M., Woodcock, A., & Chance, R. C. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029691 · Cited by 373
Teacher self-assessment: A mechanism for facilitating professional growth
Ross, J. A., & Bruce, C. D. (2006) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2006.04.035 · Cited by 351
Johnson, R. D., & Marakas, G. M. (2000) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.11.4.402.11869 · Cited by 321
Within-teacher predictors of teacher efficacy
Ross, J. A., Cousins, J. B., & Gadalla, T. M. (1996) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/0742-051x(95)00046-m · Cited by 347
Pietsch, J., Walker, R., & Chapman, E. (2003) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.589 · Cited by 302
The study, evaluation, and improvement of university student self-efficacy
Bartimote-Aufflick, K., Bridgeman, A. J., WALKER, R. A., Sharma, M. D., & Smith, L. D. (2015) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2014.999319 · Cited by 367
Mathematics self-efficacy and mathematics performances: The need for specificity of assessment.
Pajares, F., & Miller, M. D. (1995) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.190 · Cited by 510
A multilevel approach to building and leading learning organizations
Hannah, S. T., & Lester, P. B. (2008) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.11.003 · Cited by 308
Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: A Vygotskian View
Rohrkemper, M. M. (1989) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_6 · Cited by 276
Promoting motivation with virtual agents and avatars: role of visual presence and appearance
Baylor, A. L. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0148 · Cited by 275
Ramalingam, V., & Wiedenbeck, S. (1998) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/c670-y3c8-ltj1-ct3p · Cited by 282
Kostons, D. D. N. M., van Gog, T., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2011) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2011.08.004 · Cited by 298
Self-Determination and the Education of Students with Mental Retardation
Wehmeyer, M. L. (1992) · Education and training in mental retardation · doi:10.1177/104298599202700402 · Cited by 261
Assessing User Competence: Conceptualization and Measurement
Marcolin, B. L., Compeau, D., Munro, M. C., & Huff, S. L. (2000) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.11.1.37.11782 · Cited by 264
A Cyclical Self-Regulatory Account of Student Engagement: Theoretical Foundations and Applications
Cleary, T. J., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_11 · Cited by 289
Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (1989) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/001440298905600305 · Cited by 241
Digital Inclusiveness--Longitudinal Study of Internet Adoption by Older Adults
Lam, J., & Lee, M. (2006) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222220407 · Cited by 240
Children's Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy: An Inventory Scale
Jinks, J. L., & Morgan, V. (1999) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098659909599398 · Cited by 239
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0704 · Cited by 242
Self-citationThe effect of occupational self-efficacy on work performance through intrinsic work motivation
Çetin, F., & Aşkun, D. (2018) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-03-2017-0062 · Cited by 319
Mathematics achievement and self-efficacy: Relations with motivation for mathematics
Skaalvik, E. M., Federici, R. A., & Klassen, R. M. (2015) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2015.06.008 · Cited by 229
Academic Engagement: An Overview of Its Definitions, Dimensions, and Major Conceptualisations
Alrashidi, O., Phan, H. P., & Ngu, B. H. (2016) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v9n12p41 · Cited by 228
Factorial Validity of a Computer Self-Efficacy Scale and the Impact of Computer Training
Torkzadeh, G., & Koufteros, X. A. (1994) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164494054003028 · Cited by 225
The role of individual differences in Internet searching: An empirical study
Ford, N. J., Miller, D., & Moss, N. (2001) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.1165 · Cited by 220
Test Anxiety in Elementary and Secondary School Students
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1989) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2402_3 · Cited by 236
Hsieh, P.-H. P., & Schallert, D. L. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.01.003 · Cited by 247
Sequential attributional feedback and children's achievement behaviors.
Schunk, D. H. (1984) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.76.6.1159 · Cited by 219
Self-citationHodges, C. B. (2008) · Performance Improvement Quarterly · doi:10.1002/piq.20001 · Cited by 216
Participation in Goal Setting: Effects On Self-Efficacy and Skills of Learning-Disabled Children
Schunk, D. H. (1985) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246698501900307 · Cited by 215
Self-citationSchunk, D. H. (1983) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/0361-476x(83)90036-x · Cited by 212
Self-citationMcCoach, D. B., & Siegle, D. (2003) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164403063003005 · Cited by 207
High School Accountability: The Role of Perceived Collective Efficacy
Goddard, R. D., LoGerfo, L. F., & Hoy, W. K. (2004) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904804265066 · Cited by 226
Meng, Q., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15075767 · Cited by 291
Metadata
- Authors
- Schunk, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Houston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schunk, Dale H.
- ORCID
- Schunk, Dale H.
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Psychology
- Published
- 1981-02
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 93-105
- ISSN
- 0022-0663 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2176
- OpenAlex
- W1993955037
- Cited by
- 781
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 21.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- libres.uncg.edu
- Locations
- Journal of Educational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Social Sciences › Education › Mathematics Education and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- self-efficacy, effort attribution, cognitive modeling, arithmetic performance, division operation, children's mathematics learning, perceived efficacy, task difficulty, learning persistence, didactic teaching
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
