Effects of externally imposed deadlines on subsequent intrinsic motivation.

Amabile, Teresa M.; DeJong, William; Lepper, Mark R.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.1.92

Cited by 423Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsExperimental Behavioral Economics StudiesEducation, Achievement, and Giftedness

Effects of externally imposed deadlines on subsequent intrinsic motivation.

Amabile, Teresa M., DeJong, William, Lepper, Mark R.·1976·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.34.1.92

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Unlike the motivational and attributional approaches, the behavioral theories have not been generalized to conceptually similar issues such as how other external events such as deadlines, competition, and choice affect intrinsic motivation.
“unlike the motivational and attributional approaches, the behavioral theories have not been generalized to conceptually similar issues such as how other external events such as deadlines (Amabile et al., 1976), competition (Deci, Betley, et ah, 1981; Reeve & Deci, 1996), and choice (Zuckerman et al., 1978) affect intrinsic motivation.”
From A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. (1999) · cites this paper as Amabile et al., 1976

Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis.
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“A sample of experiments that failed to find such differences but that manifested strong overjustifìcation effects might include Amabile et al. (1976) (crossword games); Salili et al. (1976) (anagram solution); Sorenson and Maehr (1976) (solution of puzzles forming geometric”
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“Questions 1–4 were adapted from the literature (Amabile et al., 1976; Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959).”
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“[6] found them to be negatively related.”
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“This is in line with research by Amabile, DeJong, and Lepper (1976), which offered evidence that the imposition of deadlines undermines intrinsic motivation.”
Result
Leadership and Volunteer Motivation
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“On the other hand, events such as deadlines (Amabile, DeJong, & Lepper, 1976 ) and imposed goals (Mossholder, 1980 ), which are characteristic of educational assessment, have been found to undermine intrinsic motivation.”
Background
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Authors: Amabile, T. M., DeJong, W., & Lepper, M. R.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
ORCID: Amabile, Teresa M.
DeJong, William
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1976-07
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 92-98
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.34.1.92
OpenAlex: W2084017831
Cited by: 412
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 0.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Keywords: intrinsic motivation, time pressure, task deadlines, self-determination theory

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