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Effects of externally imposed deadlines on subsequent intrinsic motivation.
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“unlike the motivational and attributional approaches, the behavioral theories have not been generalized to conceptually similar issues such as how other external events such as deadlines (Amabile et al., 1976), competition (Deci, Betley, et ah, 1981; Reeve & Deci, 1996), and choice (Zuckerman et al., 1978) affect intrinsic motivation.”
From A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. (1999) · cites this paper as Amabile et al., 1976
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“Furthermore, not only tangible rewards, but also threats (Deci & Cascio, 1972), deadlines ( Amabile, DeJong, & Lepper, 1976 ), directives (Koestner, Ryan, Bernieri, & Holt, 1984), and competition pressure (Reeve & Deci, 1996) diminish intrinsic motivation because, according to CET, people experience them as controller…”
BackgroundSelf‐determination theory and work motivation
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.322 · Cited by 7,757
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“For instance, some studies have revealed that ego-involvement (Ryan, 1982), deadlines (Amabile et al., 1976), and rewards (Ryan et al.”
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“According to these orientations, extrinsic rewards of a controlling kind—for example, performance-based monetary rewards; tangible rewards made contingent on work performance (Ryan and Deci 2000), such as working to deadlines (Amabile et al. 1976), under directives (Koestner et al.”
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“The informative aspect enhances students’ intrinsic motivation, while the controlling aspect undermines students’ intrinsic motivation (Amabile, DeJong, & Lepper, 1976 ; Greene, Sternberg, & Lepper, 1976 ; Plant & Ryan, 1985 ).”
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“The satisfaction of these needs can be affected by environmental pressures, such as deadlines, surveillance, and contingent rewards (Amabile, DeJong, & Lepper, 1976; Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999; Fernet et al., 2008; Lepper & Greene, 1975).”
BackgroundThe Emotional Costs of Parents' Conditional Regard: A Self‐Determination Theory Analysis
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“Amabile, DeJong, and Lepper (1976), for instance, demonstrated that deadlines for completing a word game task had an adverse effect on participants’ intrinsic interest (as compared to participants who finished the task but did not face such deadlines).”
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“When motivating others during uninteresting activities, people typically introduce an external contingency, such as a deadline ( Amabile, DeJong, & Lepper, 1976 ), reward (Eisenberger & Armeli, 1997), or goal (Laporte & Nath, 1976).”
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Rigby, C. S., Deci, E. L., Patrick, B. C., & Ryan, R. M. (1992) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00991650 · Cited by 342
“of punishment (Deci & Cascio, 1972), evaluations (Smith, 1974), deadlines ( Amabile, DeJong, & Lepper, 1976 ), imposed goals (Mossholder, 1980), and good player awards (Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973) all tend to be experienced as controlling and thus undermine intrinsic motivation, whereas providing choice (Zuckerma…”
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Elements of the Competitive Situation that Affect Intrinsic Motivation
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“This premise has been supported by research showing that controls, such as rewards (Deci, 1971), deadlines ( Amabile, DeJong, & Lepper, 1976 ), and competition (Reeve & Deci, 1996), undermine task interest and quality of performance.”
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“…focuses people on meeting explicit and narrowly defined performance objectives rather than generating alternatives or considering a broader range of nuanced information that would allow them to create an even better outcome (Amabile, DeJong, and Lepper, 1976; Siegel-Jacobs and Yates, 1996).”
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Cognitive evaluation theory: a meta-analytic review of the literature.
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“Although the deadline may initially cause anxiety, coping with it encourages students to become more creative and energetic in performing various learning strategies [72, 73].”
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“More specifically, we make reference to the cognitive evaluation theory (Deci, 1971; Deci, 1975; Amabile et al., 1976; Zuckermann et al., 1978) that has been extended into the self-determination theory (Ryan et al., 1985; Gagné and Deci, 2005).”
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“For instance, deadlines, surveillance, and contingent rewards all make people feel as if they have to do something (Amabile et al. 1976; Deci et al. 1999; Lepper and Greene 1975).”
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“For studies in psychology, and organizational behaviour see also Deci (1971), Amabile et al. (1976) , Koestner et al. (1984), Kohn (1993), Sansone and Harackiewicz (2000), Zuckerman et al. (1978).”
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“A sample of experiments that failed to find such differences but that manifested strong overjustifìcation effects might include Amabile et al. (1976) (crossword games); Salili et al. (1976) (anagram solution); Sorenson and Maehr (1976) (solution of puzzles forming geometric”
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“Questions 1–4 were adapted from the literature (Amabile et al., 1976; Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959).”
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“This is in line with research by Amabile, DeJong, and Lepper (1976), which offered evidence that the imposition of deadlines undermines intrinsic motivation.”
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“On the other hand, events such as deadlines (Amabile, DeJong, & Lepper, 1976 ) and imposed goals (Mossholder, 1980 ), which are characteristic of educational assessment, have been found to undermine intrinsic motivation.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Amabile, T. M., DeJong, W., & Lepper, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1976-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 92-98
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2084017831
- Cited by
- 412
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- intrinsic motivation, time pressure, task deadlines, self-determination theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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