Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence.
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Specific self-focusing stimuli such as cameras, audiences, recordings, and mirrors have been tested in controlled settings to stimulate self-awareness.
“Specific B self-focusing stimuli ^ such as cameras, audiences, recordings, and mirrors have been tested in controlled settings to stimulate self-awareness (Buss 1980; Carver and Scheier 1978; Davis and Brock 1975; Davis and Franzoi 1991; Geller and Shaver 1976; Morin 2002).”
From Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers (2018) · cites this paper as Carver and Scheier 1978
More than five decades of research strongly shows that self-awareness can be experimentally induced through a clearly defined apparatus, such as an audience, recording, mirrors, or cameras.
“more than five decades of research strongly shows that self-awareness can be experimentally induced through a clearly defined apparatus, such as an audience, recording, mirrors, or cameras”
From Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers (2018) · cites this paper as Carver and Scheier 1978
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Gervais, W. M. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613489836 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Normative Feedback Effects on Learning a Timing Task
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Understanding Persistence: An Interface of Control Theory and Self-Efficacy Theory
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Self-consciousness and trait anxiety as predictors of choking in sport
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Self-awareness and emotional intensity
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Self-Focused Attention and Social Anxiety in Social Phobics and Normal Controls
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- Authors
- Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1978-03
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 324-332
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2133540180
- Cited by
- 500
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 26.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- self-focusing, audience presence, self-awareness, social presence, self-monitoring
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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