Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“On a different level, researchers that follow an evolutionary approach, related to attachment processes, consider that romantic love is integrated into the pair-bonding motivational system of connection, contributing to create a relationship that last necessary time to raise offspring (eg, Diamond, 2003 , Hazan & Shaz…”

“The associated measurement instrument is the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS: Collins, 1996) which is based on the earlier Adult Attachment Scale (AAS: Collins & Read, 1990) and on the work of Hazan and Shaver (1987).”

“Collins & Read, 1990 ; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994 a; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ) has been used as a framework to understand romantic relationships between adults and how the current relationship is influenced by experiences of earlier relationships, mainly the primary one with a caregiver.”

“Study 1 relied on a non-clinical sample of children aged 9–13 years who classified themselves as either securely, avoidantly, or ambivalently attached using a 1-item measure of attachment style (Hazan and Shaver 1987; Muris et al. 2000a).”

“Beginning with Shaver and colleagues’ groundbreaking work in the late 1980s (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver, Hazan, & Bradshaw, 1988), there has been a significant proliferation of adult attachment research over the last two decades, across multiple disciplines (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).”

“However, her results are limited due to the categorical measure of adult attachment used (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and her small sample of lesbian participants, which precluded examination of the relationships between shame and attachment for this stigmatized group.”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) built upon the work of Ainsworth et al. (1978) and Bowlby (1969) by positing that these infant attachment styles form the basis for the formation of romantic attachments in adult life.”

“…denotes a very strong bond someone has with an attachment figure who, in their mind, provides so much security and safety to the individual that they are very dependent on the attachment figure—to the point where separation from that figure would result in serious psychological distress [2, 25].”

“Insecurely attached people frequently report diminished social support, smaller social support networks, and less satisfaction with their support, all of which may be rooted in childhood experiences and attachment histories (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…often leads anxious individuals to experience intense romantic passion, to idealize their partners and romantic love in general (J. A. Feeney & Noller, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), and to become “overinvolved” and “compulsive” in their provision of care to partners (B. C. Feeney & Collins, 2001).”

“Four main styles of attachment have been identified in adults: secure, anxious–preoccupied, dismissive–avoidant and fearful–avoidant.(26) 27 Coping is a wide-ranging construct that includes elements that are clearly measures of relationship quality (eg, ‘relationship-focused coping’) and those that are more individual…”

“Attachment theory proposes that through these early interactions, individuals learn to distrust the ability of other people to provide support, and, in turn, develop strategies to down-regulate the felt sense of need for care/support [5, 6].”

“Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ) ASQ was developed by Dost Mohammadi [43] based on items of Hazan and Shaver’s [44] adult attachment scale (AAS).”

“For example, Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that adult attachment style in romantic relationships was related to beliefs about oneself and one’s social relationships.”

“On the other hand, anxiously attached individuals tend to search for self-acceptance through approval and acceptance by their partner, monitor their partner in a hypervigilant manner, cling to their partner, and obsess anxiously about potential disapproval or rejection by their partner (Feeney and Noller 1990; Hazan a…”

“These measures have been used to demonstrate meaningful associations between adult attachment style, functioning in relationships, psychopathology and history of parenting (Brennan & Shaver, 1998; Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mickelson & Kessler, 1997).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) asked a sample of college students to pick one of three paragraphs that best represented how they viewed their own relationship experiences.”

“Stressing the importance of close interpersonal connections, a number of studies have specifically examined the role of secure social attachments in adult functioning (e.g., Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“These included attachment styles (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), Lee’s six love styles (Hendrick & Hendrick, 1986), Sternberg’s three facets, Hatfield and Sprecher’s (1986) Passionate Love Scale, and Davis’s (e.g., Davis & Latty-Mann, 1987) Relationship Rating Form, which assesses six dimensions (e.g.,…”

“Bowlby (1973) and Hazan & Shaver (1987) * Cigdem Yumbul, MS. Tel.”

“Attachment researchers have found that individuals with this style of attachment have intense desires for extreme closeness with their partners, have negative views of themselves, are insecure about being unloved and fear being abandoned by relationship partners [81].”

“In couple relations, anxious/ambivalent people are demanding, dependent, clinging, and jealous, and often view the partner as reluctant to commit (Brennan & Shaver, 1993; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994; Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) stated that adolescents and adults have cognitive working models (similar to those formed in childhood) for relationships with romantic partners.”

“Attachment theory has proven effective in explaining adult relationships, including adult relationships with parents, romantic partners, and close peers (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Attachment style is defined as a relatively stable pattern of emotions, behavior, and expectations for close relationships developed because of childhood experiences with caregivers (Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“When in relationships, they can be overly involved or dependent on their partner and constantly worry that they will lose the partner (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Mikulincer, 2009).”

“Multiple lines of research have proposed that humans possess an innate behavioral system of attachment that is essential in love (Harlow, 1958; Bowlby, 1977, 1988, 1989; Ainsworth, 1985; Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Bretherton, 1992; Carter, 1998; Burkett and Young, 2012).”

“Adults with a ‘secure’ attachment style are low in both anxiety and avoidance, and, as a result, are more likely to be involved in healthy and stable romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“In their seminal theoretical work on romantic love as attachment process, Hazan and Shaver (1987) argued that there are parallels between infant attachment (e.g., Ainsworth, 1989; Bowlby, 1969) and adult romantic attachment and that adults, like infants, can be categorized as secure, avoidant, or…”

“…of aggression (Meesters & Muris, 2002), positive and negative affect (Mikulincer & Sheffi, 2000; Sim & Ng, 2007), relationship context and quality (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Weimer, Kerns, & Oldenburg, 2004; Larose, Bernier, & Soucy, 2005; Gillath & Shaver, 2007), romantic relationship satisfaction…”

“Items were constructed based on Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) descriptions of how people feel in close relationships. Participants were asked to think about their close relationships, without focusing on a specific partner, and to rate the extent to which each item described their feelings and cognitions in close relation…”

“Research suggests that views of parents remain somewhat idealized through late adolescence, although less so in adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“In this regard, our findings highlight the importance of the attachment to peers during adolescence and early adulthood (see also: Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Hazan, 1987, 1988; Shaver, Hazan, & Bradshaw, 1988).”

“Adult attachment refers to individuals’ views of the self and others in intimate relationships (25).”

“And, as aforementioned, there are individual differences that predict the ultimate amount of felt closeness that people desire (e.g., attachment styles, Hazan & Shaver, 1987; goals for intimacy, Sanderson & Cantor, 2001).”

“Adult attachment styles, like those of infants, were initially defined by three patterns of proximity-seeking and emotional response (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…relationships and place emphasis on independence and interpersonal distance, which leads to perceptions of less intimacy in the relationship (Cozzarelli, Hoekstra, & Bylsma, 2000; Feeney & Noller, 1991; Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Levy & Davis, 1988; Shaver & Brennan, 1992).”

“Romantic love has been postulated as an attachment process where an individual bonds to a romantic partner in a similar fashion as an infant attaches to his/her caregiver.(12) Evidence indicates that the infant attachment pattern remains stable into adulthood.”

“Young adults who retrospectively reported close and autonomous relationships with their parents also reported closer, more intimate and more secure relationships with their romantic partner (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Furman & Simon, 1999; Kobak & Sceery, 1988).”

“Various authors (Feeney & Noller, 1996; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994) have found an association between the duration and satisfaction of relationships and attachment style, with the relationships of secure people being the most long-lasting and satisfying.”

“Psychologists later noted the many similarities between a child's first relationship with caregivers and subsequent relationships with romantic partners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) claimed that the secure, avoidant, and anxiousambivalent styles of attachment in infancy, identified by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall (1978), can be adapted to the context of romantic relationships in adulthood and impact on the ways in which adults experience romantic love.”

“Securely attached individuals may have an advantage over insecurely attached individuals because they are more likely to have strong levels of trust and communication with their romantic partner, even if sexual self-esteem is low (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Attachment styles are reflected in the patterns played out in one’s relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“17,18 Three coherent factors emerged with four items per subscale, supporting a priori groupings established in Bartholomew, 16 which jointly explained 63.72 percent of the total variance observed; furthermore, a Bar-tlett’s test of sphericity yielded a significant v 2 (66) of 1191.95, p < 0.001,…”

“For example, Hazan and Shaver (1987) first revealed that adults who had shorter relationships were more likely to classify themselves as insecure (see also Feeney & Noller, 1990; Fraley & Shaver, 1998; Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994; Klohnen & Bera, 1998; Tarabulsy et al., 2012).”

“Relatively anxious people may be less inclined to provide touch for fear that a partner might reject their bid for affection (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Attachment Attachment styles were assessed via a questionnaire developed by Mikulincer and his colleagues (Mikulincer & Erev, 1991; Mikulincer, Florian, & Tolmacz, 1990) based on Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) descriptions of three attachment styles—secure, avoidant, and anxious ambivalent.”

“Caregiving was assessed by Kunce and Shaver’s thirty-two-item self-report scale [32].”

“Lopez (2001) found in his sample of college students that age was modestly related to attachment anxiety, with younger participants, of an age similar to that of participants in the current study, showing somewhat higher anxiety than older college participants.”

“Experiences of security or insecurity during childhood have important implications for how attachment is formed in adult loving relationships (Feeney, 2008 ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“High anxiety is associated with heightened desire to pursue intimacy (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and receive positive feedback from others (Pietromonaco & Barrett, 2006).”

“AAS is a Likert-type self report scale developed by Collins and Read based on Hazan and Shaver’s Attachment Style Measure [19,20].”

“This finding is of unique importance because in most studies on attachment styles (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Scharfe & Bartholomew, 1995) the respondents predominantly select the secure alternative.”

“Following this, participants completed the second part of the self-report measure, the Adult Attachment Typology, and then the interview was conducted.”

“There is ample evidence that the attachment styles of children continue in adulthood ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987; van”