Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“and other that guide affect, cognition, and behaviour throughout one’s life [7–9].”

“Although anxiously attached people value attachment bonds, their low self-regard makes them worry about being worthy of love and so fear that their partners may eventually abandon them (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; RadeckiBush, Farrell, & Bush, 1993; Simpson, 1990).”

“Attachment theory suggests that these prototypes, or internal working models of self and others, may guide expectations of care and interactive patterns in close relationships later in life, including in parenting (Bartholomew, 1990; Bowlby, 1969/1982; Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Jones et al., 2015).”

“In acknowledgement of Bowlby's testament that attachment behaviour marks human beings from the cradle to the grave, Hazan and Shaver ( 1987 ) drew attachment theory into the arena of adult romantic relationships.”

“Important for our discussion, Hazan and Shaver (1987) suggested that romantic love might be viewed as an attachment process that is characterized by particular attachment styles.”

“They are therefore likely to be less satisfied with their single status given their strong desire for intimacy [3], and dissatisfaction with relationship status predicts less overall life satisfaction [26].”

“These features are similar to the characteristics of attachment figures proposed by attachment theory, which emphasizes safe haven and secure base functions (Bowlby, 1969 ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2023).”

“…writings and empirical studies supports the notion that human attachment theory provides an excellent framework for understanding a person’s emotional bond with his or her objects of attachment, called “attachment figures,” who are usually assumed to be people (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The attachment motivational system, first defined by Bowlby (1988), is thought to be important in regulating both parent–child and adult romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Adult attachment theory was later developed to describe the distinct patterns of interpersonal interactions that adolescents and adults display in romantic relationships [3–10].”

“Later researchers expanded beyond the early childhood years after noticing the similarities between mother-infant relationships and relationships between romantic partners or close friends (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“From an attachment perspective, youth may develop cognitive expectancies for dyadic relationships based on their earlier close relationships (Engels et al. 2001; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“This may suggest, as Hirschfeld et al. (1997, p. 160) commented, that dependency “is not in and of itself pathological”, and it may be that problems occur in relationships when dependency is accompanied by anxiety and discomfort with the ‘closeness’ of the relationship. Specifically, Murphy et al. (1994) found that vi…”

“This measure can be used both as a dimensional and as a taxonomical measure of attachment style as it contains items designed to tap each of Bartholomew’s four prototypes (secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissing) as well as items drawn from the original Hazan and Shaver (1987) prototypes.”

“Adult romantic attachment is conceptualized as varying along two continuous dimensions of attachment insecurity: avoidance and anxiety (Fraley & Roisman, 2014; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Mikulincer, 2002).”

“Parental inaccessibility leads typically to separation anxiety and avoidance of closeness that may result in avoidance, anxiety/ambivalence (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), loneliness, low self-esteem, mistrust and health problems (McAdams, 1988).”

“Participants completed an adapted version of the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS; Simpson, Rholes, & Nelligan, 1992 ) based on three attachment vignettes originated by Hazan and Shaver ( 1987 ).”

“An overarching importance of attachment to close others is suggested by much psychological research (e.g., bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…of attachment (secure, fearful avoidant, dismissing, and preoccupied), based on phrases taken from an early paragraph-based attachment measure (Hazan and Shaver 1987), an earlier version of the instrument (Bartholomew and Horowitz 1991), and the Adult Attachment Scale (Collins and Read 1990).”

“Studies have shown that adult attachment can influence relationship satisfaction (Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994), sexual satisfaction, intimacy (Mickelson, Kessler, & Shaver, 1997), communication (Collins & Read, 1990) conflict resolution styles (Shi, 2003), commitment (Simpson, 1990), and propensity…”

“Individuals who do not have responsive caregivers may develop insecure attachments, of which there are three subtypes (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Main & Goldwyn, 1985).”

“Although attachment theory originally focused on the relationship between an infant and their primary caregiver (usually their mother), it was later expanded to incorporate the bonds which form in other close relationships, such as with siblings or romantic partners [39,40].”

“To the extent that fear of intimacy may be conceptualized in the Hazan and Shaver (1987) framework as an indicator of insecure attachment, one may speculate that insecurity of attachment may lead to relationship difficulties and high rates of relationship dissolution.”

“Attachment is the affectional bond formed between an infant and caregiver during the early years of life, which continues to exert an influence across the lifespan (Bowlby 1969; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“” These scales for parents have been found to be moderately to highly related to parallel scales on a version of Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) attachment style measure that asked about relationships with parents (see Furman & Wehner, 1999).”

“Also, new theories and taxonomies of types of love appeared (e.g., Aron & Aron, 1986; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Hendrick & Hendrick, 1986; Sternberg, 1986), as did a key systematic analysis of how laypersons understood and identified love (e.g., Fehr, 1988).”

“Specifically, high scores on both anxious and avoidant attachment indicates that these individuals are more likely to simultaneously feel jealous, clingy, distressed, distrustful of their partners, lonely, and emotionally distant (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…underscores the importance of familial factors to children’s well-being (Rutter, 1985), and parental support in particular has shown a positive association with measures of children’s psychological well-being (Collins & Read, 1990; Crittenden, 1988; Fagen et al., 1996; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Three styles are identified with relative consistency across studies: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and anxious-avoidant, (Collins & Read, 1990; Hazen & Shaver, 1987, 1994; Mickelson, Kessler, & Shaver, 1997).”

“The Hebrew version of this scale (47) has two parts: a categorical measure (the original three statements of Hazan & Shaver [46]), and a discrete measure including 15 sentences (which are the composite parts of the statements), self-rated on a Likert-type scale ranging 276 Finzi-Dottan et al.”

“AAI: The AAI is a 15-item inventory derived from the Attachment Style Questionnaire (Hazan and Shaver, 1987), the Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991), and the Attachment History Questionnaire (Crowell et al., 1999) and validated for Iranian populations (Besharat, 2011).”

“This results in a secure attachment style in adulthood, characterized by a tendency to trust and rely on others (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) showed that these same individual differences also describe adults’ orientations toward their romantic partners.”

“However, the Hazan & Shaver (1987) instrument that we used was originally created as an adult measure of attachment with a significant other, and it measures secure, anxious/ambivalent and avoidant attachment independently as three continuous variables.”

“The quality of care received from attachment figures influences one's attachment pattern in childhood (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978 ) and adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“Peoplewithinsecureattachmentsdistrustpartners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), have lower self-esteem (Mickelson, Kessler, & Shaver, 1997), and are more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following war exposure (Dieperink, Leskela, Thuras, & Engdahl, 2001).”

“…in a romantic relationship moderates the relationship between parental attachment and emotional disturbance was tentatively supported in the crosssectional analyses, indicating that there might be a shift in primary attachment figures during late adolescence (Ainsworth, 1989; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Thus the eros trait may reflect an evolutionary biological process designed to facilitate attraction and attachment between adults (Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“As the individual develops, these expectations become increasingly established as Binternal working models^ about the self, others, and the world that generalize to other relationships, including adult romantic relationships (Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“As such, it is very similar to a human romantic relationship (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Sbarra and Hazan, 2008) and the pair mates might be expected to feel jealousy if a third party threatened that relationship.”

“In earlier studies 70% of individuals identified the same attachment style across a 4-year interval ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“…of early positive relationship experiences could also benefit one’s future relationships with romantic partners (Crowell & Waters, 1994; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and even parenting styles (Benoit & Parker, 1994; Bretherton, 1992; De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997; Kretchmar & Jacobvitz,…”

“…of Behavioral Couple Therapy on Attachment in Distressed Couples Although attachment theory was originally developed to explain infant behavior, Hazan and Shaver (1987) applied the theory to adult romantic relationships, conceptualizing attachment style as a global working model, or schema, of…”

“Our predictions followed from attachment theory and the current understanding of its implications for social functioning and health (2,6,35,43) as well as prior empirical studies concerning the daily life social correlates of attachment (24–26).”

“Secure individuals are not as prone to depression, anger and hostility than insecure individuals (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Schimmenti & Bifulco, 2013).”

“This implies that the present study can only weakly relate to attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980), which has been a main investigation tool in adult romantic relationships in the last decade (see, for instance, Collins & Read, 1990; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994; Shave…”

“Social interactions in general and social support in particular are perceived as disturbing (Bartholomew, 1990; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Dirkzwager et al., 2003; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Horowitz, Rosenberg, & Bartholomew, 1993; Vetere & Myers, 2002).”

“Attachment theory has emerged as the dominant theoretical paradigm within the existing literature on adolescent dating and romance (Hazan and Shaver 1987; Furman and Flanagan 1997; Collins and Sroufe 1999; Furman et al. 1999).”

“In adolescence and adulthood, WMA appear as attachment styles (Bartholomew, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) or states of mind regarding childhood experiences (Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985), which reveal the behavioral and cognitive strategies used by the individual to process attachment-relevant…”

“This may allow them to function quite well (Fraley, Davis, & Shaver, 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1990; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994), in which case the lack of avoidant attachment effects should be viewed as an accurate index of the consequences of their maltreatment.”

“Attachment style can be understood as a systematic pattern of relational expectations, emotions, and behaviour that results from an individual’s history of attachment experiences [22].”

“In the current psychological literature dealing with intimate relationships, two of the psychological variables that seem to be importantly related to relationship-relevant outcomes are attachment style ( Hazan and Shaver 1987 ),”

“The measurement of one’s attachment in adult relationships was first introduced by Hazan and Shaver (1987).”