Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“The number of included studies was a moderate size, but it should be noted that research on adult attachment only started in 1987 (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Attachment is one of the most critical determinants of the forms of inter-personal relationships, including romantic relationships and other types of social interactions with others (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Attachment strategies are reflected within someone’s attachment style, which is based on positive experiences within bonds with caretakers (Dewitte, 2012, 2014; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994).”

“Ainsworth et al. (1978) developed a scheme of attachment styles (e.g., secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant) in infants, which Hazan and Shaver (1987) applied to romantic relationships among adults.”

“While attachment theory was initially applied almost exclusively to parent-infant relationships, Bowlby, and eventually other scholars (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987), suggested that the defining features of attachment relationships manifest themselves in long-term romantic relationships as well.”

“Individuals high in attachment avoidance are characterised as being highly self-reliant, avoiding intimacy in close relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and employing “deactivating” strategies, such as suppression and avoidance, which deactivate the attachment system (Mikulincer et al., 2003).”

“Romantic love and love for the firm are both kinds of a psychological ‘attachment process’ (the process of ‘becoming attached’), experienced somewhat differently by distinct individuals because of their different personal and organizational histories (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…between commitment to parents and commitment to friends, supports the notion of a stable and general attachment perspective in which adolescents use the same working model of relationships for different types of relationships (Furman et al., 2002; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Schneider et al., 2001).”

“Prior studies of adolescents’ attachment used various self-report measures like the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998), Attachment Interview for Childhood and Adolescence (Ammaniti, Van IJzendoorn, Speranza, & Tambelli, 2000), or the Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987…”

“According to current theorizing, the attachment styles first identified in infancy remain fairly stable over time and are carried into adulthood (Collins, 1996; Collins & Read, 1990; Cooper et al., 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994 ).”

“(2) The Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) was used to assess to what extent participants were (in)securely attached.”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) proposed that adult romantic relationship styles can be conceptualized as being parallel to infant attachment patterns.”

“A clinician might infer that, in addition to exhibiting dependent behaviour, her client experiences intense jealousy and has problems modulating negative affect; both are common features of individuals with this attachment style (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Indeed, research supports the usefulness of attachment theory in explaining marital relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Indeed, in their rst empirical studies of romantic attachment, Hazan and Shaver (1987) made a similar point.”

“This measure allows for both dimensional and categorical examinations of attachment orientations, a feature that led us to use this measure over others available (e.g., Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS: Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ; Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991) are frequently used examples of this type of assessment.”

“…by Bowlby (1969) for infant-parental relationships in which the infant seeks to maintain proximity and connection to the caregiver and feels threatened by separation, attachment theory in recent decades has been extended to adult relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Rholes & Simpson, 2006).”

“Other researchers, using various measures, have asked adults for descriptions of their childhood experiences with parents.1 Hazan and Shaver (1987) asked adults to choose from a list of adjectives to describe their parents’ behavior toward them during childhood.”

“Relative to the self-report measure of attachment style developed by Hazan and Shaver (1987, 1990), wherein individuals choose a paragraph that describes a secure, anxious/ambivalent, or avoidant style among adults, the transformation of the Hazan and Shaver technique into a continuous variable…”

“…separateness, whereas avoidant attachment is characterized by distance and excessive self-reliance, and anxious-ambivalent attachment by a need for constant contact and inability to endure even short periods of separation (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Collins and Read, 1990; Mikulincer and Erev, 1991).”

“Attachment and relational experiences, or the manner with which one reciprocally interacts with, develops trust, reliance, and dependency on others have long been purported as key to positive youth development (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991; Bowlby, 1969; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Another problem with the Hazan and Shaver (1987) measure is that there may be four rather than three major attachment styles (Bartholomew, 1990; Crittenden, 1988; Main & Solomon, 1990).”

“Some work has focused on romantic relationships (Camelley, Pietromonaco, & Jaffe, 1994; Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Simpson, 1990), other work has focused on peer and family relationships (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), and still other work has focused on relationships ranging from…”

“The second hypothesis of the present study was that the presumed ability of gifted adolescents to enjoy close and intimate friendships is associated with the secure attachment pattern ( Hazan and Shaver, 1987 ).”

“…of the state of mind regarding the participant is one major factor that sets this methodology apart from ‘attachment style’ questionnaires (e.g. Hazan & Shaver, 1987 – the latter measures are primarily designed to assess subjective impressions of attachment issues (e.g. trust in others) and…”

“Although the attachment system developed for purposes of survival (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007) and translates into adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), we suggest that the underlying mechanisms responsible for the experience of missing likely developed from a preference for stability and environmental…”

“…al., 2010), relationship distress in established couples (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2012), and predicts relationship instability (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2012), shorter duration of relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), and places couples at higher risk of relationship break-up (Kirkpatrick & Hazan, 1994).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) asserted that romantic love is an attachment process in that individuals form a psychological bond to a romantic partner paralleling the process in which an infant attaches to his/her caregiver.”

“People high in anxious attachment are hypervigilant about the availability of their mates (Main et al., 1985; Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Collins and Read, 1990).”

“Subjective happiness experienced in a romantic relationship depends on the features of the intimate relationship (Hazan and Shaver, 1987), and influences the perception of one’s own existence (Aron et al., 1995; Taylor et al., 2003; Lewandowski et al., 2006).”

“These internal models are believed to be stable across development and the same theories explaining parent-child bonds can also be applied to understand adult interpersonal relationships and associated developmental outcomes (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…their signi fi cant others as of infancy result in the formation of relatively stable patterns of hopes, needs, feelings and behaviours in interpersonal interactions (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), and have a continuing e ff ect on the individual ’ s interpsychic organisation (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016).”

“While attachment theory primarily focuses on childhood, the importance of attachment in adulthood has also been acknowledged (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The studies used the same array of measures included in the discussion of secure attachment, but also included two additional attachment measures: Hazan and Shaver (1987) prototype descriptions of attachment in checklist form and the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire (ECR: Brennan et…”

“Preoccupation with relationships entails an anxious and dependent approach to relationships, and it is a core feature of Hazan & Shaver’s original conceptualisation of anxious/ambivalent attachment [48].”

“…concerns about being rejected and how committed their partner is (Simpson et al., 1996), leading to negative experiences and dynamics (e.g., feelings of obsession, anger, jealousy) in their relationship (Collins & Read, 1990; Hatfield et al., 1989; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer et al., 1998).”

“…between infants and their parental caregivers (e.g., Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Bowlby, 1969/ 1982) to adult romantic and marital relationships (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003; Rholes & Simpson, 2004) and now to older adults’ close, sustaining relationships.”

“Attachment style is initially formed in the process of infant–caregiver interactions and relationships; however, later it has successfully extended to adult romantic relationships by several scholars (e.g., Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Originally developed by Bowlby (1969) to explain the close bonds between children and their caregivers, attachment theory was given new life in the 1980s when Hazan and Shaver (1987) applied the tenets of the 599 theory to adult romantic relationships.”

“A large literature has extended attachment theory to adult relationships (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“…and childhood in relation to caregivers (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978), and throughout adulthood in relation to one’s romantic partners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), friends, and other attachment figures (Cassidy, 1994; Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Shaver & Mikulincer, 2002; Trinke &…”

“This questionnaire is a modified version of the classification of attachment styles questionnaire in adults ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ) for Israeli children (Finzi, Ram, Har-Even, Shnit, & Weizman, 2001).”

“…increasingly through adolescents' and adults' reactions to questionnaire measures (Becker, Billings, Eveleth, & Gilbert, 1997; Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Hazan, 1987) and individual interviews (Adult Attachment Interview, AAI; Main & Goldwyn, 1990) (see Crowell & Treboux,…”

“In the adult attachment literature, romantic relationships are thought to be functionally analogous to infant/ caregiver attachments (Fraley, 2002; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“They exhibit appropriate expectations of others' responsiveness to their needs (Hazan & Shaver, 1987, Mikulincer & Shaver, 2012).”

“Securely attached adults are more likely to describe their major adult romantic relationships as happy, friendly, and trusting, and to have fewer and longer lasting relationships than those who are insecurely attached (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“Some years later, Hazan and Shaver (1987) proposed applying Bowlby’s theory and Ainsworth and colleagues’ research findings to late adolescent and adult romantic love and couple relationships.”

“The small body of attachment research employing age-heterotypic samples, such as Hazan and Shaver’s (1987), has shown that younger avoidant subjects characterized their parents more favorably/idealistically than older but still avoidantly-classified subjects, though it 394 ATTACHMENT & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT VOL.”

“In contrast, measures such as the Hazan-Shaver Attachment Self-Report (HS; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), the Attachment Questionnaire for Children (AQ-C; Muris, Meesters, van Melick, & Zwambag, 2001) and the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS; Collins & Read, 1990) are based more heavily upon the specific…”

“The pioneers of the social and personality approach were Hazan and Shaver (1987), whose Adult Attachment Styles (AAS) measure consists of three prototypic descriptions of secure, avoidant, and anxious attachment styles, requiring the respondents to classify themselves according to their thoughts,…”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) suggested that this classification also applies to attachment processes in adulthood.”

“Overall, models have suggested that either three ( Hazan & Shaver 1987 ) or four (Bartholomew & Horowitz 1991; Main & Solomon 1986, 1990) dominant styles of attachment predominate, although views characterizing attachment around underlying dimensions are becoming more common (Brennan et al. 1998; Collins 1996; Collins…”