Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“For example, in the Stroebe et al. (2002) diary study most of the respondents would fall into the secure attachment style category: This was a non-clinical sample, and frequently 60–70% of such samples are securely attached (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Van Vliet, 2001).”

“Originally, romantic styles were categorized into three types: secure, dismissing (avoidant), or preoccupied (anxious-ambivalent) (Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“In line with Bowlby’s theory, studies have shown that childhood attachment styles continue in adulthood (Collins & Read, 1994; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; van Ijzendoorn, 1994).”

“Children who have troubled relationships with parents and other adults are less likely to develop social and emotional skills that are crucial for establishing supportive close relationships in adulthood.(21) Compared to people with positive early relationships, those with troubled early relationships are more likely…”

“Extrapolating from research on childhood attachment, Hazan and Shaver (1987) and Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) conceptualized romantic love as an attachment process and used Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall’s (1978) infant attachment patterns as the basis for a self-report measure of adult…”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) developed the first model of individual differences in adult attachment in romantic relationships based on Ainsworth’s studies of infant reactions to the separation and reunion with attachment figures (Ainsworth et al. 1978).”

“This helps to organise effects and social experiences and is assumed to be active in close relationships throughout an individual’s life (Bowlby 1969; Fraley and Shaver 1997; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“…are characterized by the fear of abandonment by their partners, negative core beliefs about the self, inappropriate emotional reactions, and a disproportional focus on emotion when confronted with stress (Brennan et al., 1998; Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer et al., 1993).”

“Information from the AASQ (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) identified six out of nine mothers who had insecure attachment profiles with elevated anxious and/ or avoidant scores.”

“Attachment theory also applies to bonding in adulthood, such as in romantic relationships (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“This can come in the form of either an anxious attachment style, in which individuals fear rejection and crave high levels of emotional closeness and reassurance within adult intimate relationships, or an avoidant attachment style, in which individuals distrust partners and reject intimacy and closeness (Hazan and Sha…”

“Self-rated Romantic Happiness was assessed using the Love Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ), Happiness Subscale (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“ANN DE RICK, STIJN VANHEULE, AND PAUL VERHAEGHE Department of Psychoanalysis and Clinical Consulting, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium This study aims at investigating alcoholic inpatients’ attachment system by combining a measurement of adult attachment style (AAQ, Hazan and Shaver, 1987.”

“Next, we review the literature on social compensation and parasocial relationships, bringing attachment theory (e.g., Bowlby, 1969; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) to bear as a possible explanatory mechanism.”

“Given the importance of attachment figures for our mental and physical wellbeing [65,66], it is conceivable that interactions with partners are characterized by more intimacy than interactions with friends [e.”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) applied the attachment framework as a continuous model that sustains into later adult romantic relationships, offering an explanation of quality and perception of interactions between partners.”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) define romantic love in terms of attachment.”

“Such individuals may lack the capacity for empathic understanding, particularly when they are distressed [24], although they may tend to identify with their partner’s distress [23] and to engage in compulsive caregiving in order to manage their own distress.”

“In some of the earliest research on adult attachment, adult attachment orientations were measured through selfreports as three distinct categories: anxious, avoidant, and secure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“This was based on the premises that romantic love could be conceptualised as an attachment process (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and that how one views and approaches romantic relationships might be an outgrowth of previous attachment experiences.”

“Studies of attachment in adults have suggested romantic partners derive comfort and security from one another, want to be with their partner (particularly in times of distress), and protest when the partner is unavailable (Crowell and Waters 1994; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“…that create distance and avoid closeness, have been found to provide less emotional support to partners and respond to jealousy with fear and sadness (Buunk, 1997; Collins & Feeney, 2000; Feeney & Collins, 2001; Gentzler & Kerns, 2004; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997).”

“…a secure model characterized by positive memories of past attachment experiences, positive beliefs and attitudes about self and others, and constructive plans and strategies to cope with negative emotions in subsequent interpersonal relationships (Feeney & Noller, 1996; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) proposed that attachment processes, parallel to those observed in parent‐child relationships, also operate in romantic relationships.”

“Adult Attachment Styles (AAS; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 )”

“…mice) [Martin et al., 2006; Williams et al., 1992], New World primates (e.g., titi monkeys,marmosets, and owlmonkeys) [Anzenberger, 1992; Fernandez-Duque & Huck, 2013; Smith et al., 2010], lesser apes (e.g., gibbons and siamangs) [Fuentes, 2000; Lappan, 2008], and humans [Hazan & Shaver, 1987].”

“…on how early experiences with primary caregivers influence behavior and emotion regulation, as well as on how attachment-relevant stimuli are perceived and interpreted later in life (e.g., Bowlby, 1982; Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Spangler and Zimmermann, 1999; Stern, 1985; Suslow et al., 2009).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) suggest that the emotional bond, or attachment, between infants and caregivers gives rise to expectations for adult dating relationships.”

“Adults high in attachment avoidance avoid intimacy, strive for self-reliance, and have difficulty trusting others (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Similarly, attachment theory proposes that people depend on relationship partners as sources of safety and security [12,13].”

“A second line of adult attachment research (and the one taken in the current study) emerged from a social/personality psychology research tradition and relies on subject self-reports of current adult attachment patterns (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987; West et al., 1987).”

“In the 1980s, the scientific study of attachment patterns in human relationships was extended from infant–caregiver (Bowlby, 1953) to the formation and maintenance of adult romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“This is similar to the proportion of secure individuals in previous studies of attachment in young adulthood (Brennan & Shaver, 1995; Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Brennan, 2000; Tidwell et al. 1996).”

“Avoidant individuals prefer to maintain distance from others and are not comfortable with emotional closeness (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“Notwithstanding the few early self-report studies that examined both childhood and adult attachment (Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ), advances have not been made in the retrospective self-report measurement of childhood attachment.”

“Approaches to the questions under study We framed our introduction to attachment theory in terms reminiscent of the more familiar attachment types or styles (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…women, such lower self esteem, fear of intimacy, perception of self as less physically attractive, and ineffective communication and coping skills (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Collins and Read, 1990; Feeney and Noller, 1990; Simpson et al., 1996; Meyers, 1998; Bogaert and Sadava, 2002; Davis et al.,…”

“…and maladaptive jealousy is anxious attachment orientation (e.g., Buunk, 1997; Crowell, Fraley, & Roisman, 2016; Fraley & Shaver, 2016; Guerrero, 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Knobloch, Solomon, & Cruz, 2001; Marshall, Bejanyan, DiCastro, & Lee, 2013; Rodriguez, DiBello, Øverup, & Neighbors, 2015).”

“Seminally, Hazan and Shaver (1987) asserted that the attachment system is partially responsible for the adult romantic bond.”

“Hill and her colleagues (1994) found some support for this thesis by examining the relationship between attachment style in adults, as measured by an adult attachment questionnaire ( Hazan and Shaver 1987 ), and marital stability.”

“Romantic love is thus a complex sentiment, involving emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components (Sternberg, 1986; Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“For instance, Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that adults who were secure in their romantic relationships were more likely to recall their childhood relationships with parents as being affectionate, caring, and accepting.”

“In the mid-1980s, researchers began to investigate how Models of Self and Other might apply to people’s cognitive–emotional attitudes toward romantic love and sexual relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Retrospective reporting is not unusual in the study of adult or childhood attachment dynamics, especially considering the assumption that adult relationship attitudes and expectations are based upon one's interpretation of his or her own past experience (Main, Kaplan & Cassidy, 1985 ; Hazen & Shaver, 1987 ; Scharfe &…”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) proposed a popular typology of working models and attachment styles, in which they differentiate between secure attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment, and avoidant attachment.”

“In addition, having a realistic and positive view of one’s parents, which is generally associated with secure attachment (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), is conducive to anticipating their future needs.”

“havior by Hazan and Shaver (1987) where the authors showed that the three styles proposed by Ainsworth et al. (1978) distinguish among young adults.”

“…has since opened up numerous lines of research on human personality and development, from Ainsworth's discovery of different childhood response styles to separation (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) to recent research on adult attachment (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Sperling & Berman, 1994).”

“…the developmental course of emotion regulation and behavior in close relationships throughout adulthood (Bowlby, 1988; Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), research on the longitudinal stability of attachment indicates that individuals' attachment orientations can be modified by…”

“The same seemed to happen, at first, with questionnaire-based measures: indeed, most early studies failed to find significant sex differences in styles of romantic attachment (e.g. Collins & Read, 1990; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The expansion of developmental psychological research in directions that permit study of internal representations whose sources are unconscious (eg, Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ) opens many new possibilities that are particularly important in areas on which little knowledge has accumulated, such as the area investigated in t…”

“Typically, adults with a secure attachment style remember their relationships with parents as caring and warm ( Hazan & Shazer, 1987 ), whereas adults with an insecure attachment style during childhood remember their relationships with parents as conflicted and controlling.”

“, 1992 ) based on three attachment vignettes originated by Hazan and Shaver ( 1987 ).”