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Functional flexibility: A new conception of interpersonal flexibility.

Paulhus, Delroy L., Martin, Carol L.·1988·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Traditional conceptions of interpersonal flexibility emphasize two critical components: (a) a widerange of interpersonal responses and (b) situational appropriateness. Most current measures arebased on standard trait ratings, which cannot address situational adjustment. In place of trait ratings,we suggest the use of capability ratings, that is, self-reports of the ease of performing social behaviorswhen required by the situation. Our proposed index of flexibility, the Functional Flexibility Index(FFI), is the composite of 16 interpersonal capabilities. In Study 1, factor analyses indicated that theFFI is distinct from other widely used flexibility measures. Study 2 supported the validity of the FFTby showing substantial correlations with peer ratings of interpersonal flexibility. In Studies 3 and 4,the FFI outperformed other flexibility measures in predicting adjustment. Another form of interper-sonal variability, situationality, is the tendency to view one's personality as being dependent on thesituation. Situational individuals reported lower self-esteem than nonsituational individuals. Mea-sures of functional flexibility and situationality were found to be orthogonal.

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Method
Dimensions of Social Competence: Personality and Coping Style Correlates
Miller, M. L., Omens, R. S., & Delvadia, R. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90185-e · Cited by 50
Self-monitoring and 360-degree ratings
Warech, M. A., Smither, J. W., Reilly, R. R., Millsap, R. E., & Reilly, S. P. (1998) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(98)90011-x · Cited by 50
The divided self and psychological (mal) adjustment – A meta-analytic review
Bleidorn, W., & Ködding, C. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.009 · Cited by 46
You Spin Me Right Round: Cross-Relationship Variability in Interpersonal Emotion Regulation
Niven, K. R., Macdonald, I. A., & Holman, D. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00394 · Cited by 47
“In different relationships there are likely to be different demands and social norms, and it would seem important to display a certain degree of flexibility in the way one attempts to regulate a relationship partner’s emotions (the functional flexibility argument; Paulhus and Martin, 1988).”
Background
Transition to self‐directed work teams: implications of transition time and self‐monitoring for managers' use of influence tactics
Douglas, C., & Gardner, W. L. (2003) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.244 · Cited by 46
Gender stereotyping and its impact on perceived emotional leadership in the hospitality industry: A mixed-methods study
Xiong, W., Chen, S., Okumuş, B., & Fan, F. (2021) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104476 · Cited by 48
Development and validation of a measure of interpersonal strengths: The Inventory of Interpersonal Strengths.
Hatcher, R. L., & Rogers, D. T. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0017269 · Cited by 44
“The Mini-Modular Markers 40 (3M40) is a Big Five measure developed by Saucier (2002) with five 8-item scales: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Intellect.”
Method
Assessing meaningful within-person variability in Likert-scale rated personality descriptions: An IRT tree approach.
Lang, J. W. B., Lievens, F., Fruyt, F. D., Zettler, I., & Tackett, J. L. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000600 · Cited by 42
“One alternative to the ESM/diary approach is to directly ask respondents to retrospectively report variability over time (Bem & Allen, 1974; Chaplin & Goldberg, 1985; Fleisher, Woehr, Edwards, & Cullen, 2011; Paulhus & Martin, 1988).”
The role of response styles in the assessment of intraindividual personality variability
Baird, B. M., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.015 · Cited by 47
“Some theorists believe that variability reflects an ability to adapt to the environment and thus should be positively associated with well-being (e.g. Bem & Lewis, 1975; Paulhus & Martin, 1988; Snyder, 1974).”
When Ethnic Identities Vary
Zhang, R., & Noels, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022112463604 · Cited by 43
Social Competence: An Interpersonal Analysis and Reformulation
Gurtman, M. B. (1999) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027//1015-5759.15.3.233 · Cited by 37
Balanced authenticity predicts optimal well-being: Theoretical conceptualization and empirical development of the authenticity in relationships scale
Wang, Y.-N. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.001 · Cited by 39
Untitled work
Lane (2012) · doi:10.1080/08995605.2012.678243 · Cited by 35
“Although there has been little research on coping adaptability, flexibility and adaptability in other domains are related to reduced anxiety and depression ( Fresco, Williams, & Nugent, 2006 ), higher quality of life ( Cheng, 2003 ), and improved adjustment and self-esteem ( Paulhus & Martin, 1988 ).”
Background
Resilience to Interpersonal Stress: Why Mattering Matters When Building the Foundation of Mentally Healthy Schools
Flett, G. L. (2018) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89842-1_20 · Cited by 34
Inter-individual differences in intra-individual variability in personality within and across contexts
Beckmann, N., Birney, D. P., Beckmann, J. F., Wood, R. E., Sojo, V. E., & Bowman, D. B. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103909 · Cited by 40

Authors: Paulhus, D. L., & Martin, C. L.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
ORCID: Paulhus, Delroy L.
Martin, Carol L.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1988-07
Volume: 55
Issue: 1
Pages: 88-101
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.88
OpenAlex: W2006407819
Cited by: 223
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 8.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Education › Social Skills and Education
Keywords: interpersonal flexibility, functional flexibility, situationality, self-esteem, peer ratings, personality adjustment

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Functional flexibility: A new conception of interpersonal flexibility.

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