Cited by 1,412Memory Processes and InfluencesDecision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

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Ease of retrieval as information: another look at the availability heuristic

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Schwarz, Norbert, Bless, Herbert, Strack, Fritz, Klumpp, Gisela, Rittenauer-Schatka, Helga, Simons, Annette·1991·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195

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Abstract

Es wird von drei Experimenten berichtet, die zeigen, daß Individuen subjektiv erlebtes Erinnerungsvermögen als Information bei der Bewertung der Bedeutung des Erinnerten benutzen. Besonders diejenigen Testpersonen, die sich an Situationen erinnern sollten, in denen sie sich positiv verhielten und sich wohlfühlten, schätzten sich im Rückblick positiver ein als Personen, die sich Situationen ins Gedächtnis rufen sollten, in denen sie sich nicht positiv verhielten und sich unsicher fühlten. Dieser Effekt der Wertigkeit der Erinnerung bestand jedoch nur bei denjenigen Testpersonen, die sich an sechs Beispiele der betreffenden Wertigkeit erinnern sollten, was ihnen leichtfiel. Wenn sich die Personen an zwölf Beispiele erinnern sollten, was sie schwierig fanden, kehrte sich die Wirkung der Wertigkeit ins Gegenteil um. In diesem Fall berichteten die Testpersonen eher von einem positiven Gefühl bei der Erinnerung an Beispiele negativen als an Beispiele positiven Verhaltens. Offensichtlich kamen sie zu dem Schluß, daß die Verhaltensweisen, an die sie sich erinnerten, nicht häufig oder typisch sein konnten, wenn sie nur schwierig ins Gedächtnis zu rufen waren (Experimente 1 und 2). In Übereinstimmung mit dieser Interpretation wurde die Wirkung des erlebten Erinnerungsvermögens ausgeschaltet, wenn die Testpersonen ihre subjektiven Erfahrungen irrigerweise auf die Wirkung vorübergehender äußerer Einflüsse zurückführen konnten (Experiment 3). Diskutiert werden die Konsequenzen für das Wirken besonders der Verfügbarkeitsheuristik und der Funktionen subjektiver Erfahrungen als Information im allgemeinen. (ICAübers)

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Self-citation

Authors: Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A.
Affiliations: Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (DE)
Max Planck Society (DE)
ORCID: Schwarz, Norbert
Bless, Herbert
Strack, Fritz
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1991-08
Volume: 61
Issue: 2
Pages: 195-202
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195
OpenAlex: W2147792648
Cited by: 1,412
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 85
FWCI: 3.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ssoar.info
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) (submittedVersion)
OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) (submittedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords: availability heuristic, ease of retrieval, subjective experience, self-assessment, positive and negative memories, typicality

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Ease of retrieval as information: another look at the availability heuristic

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