The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others.
Abstract
The authors argue that self-image maintenance processes play an important role in stereotyping and prejudice. Three studies demonstrated that when individuals evaluated a member of a stereotyped group, they were less likely to evaluate that person negatively if their self-images had been bolstered through a self-affirmation procedure, and they were more likely to evaluate that person stereotypically if their self-images had been threatened by negative feedback.' Moreover, among those individuals whose self-image had been threatened, derogating a stereotyped target mediated an increase in their self-esteem. The authors suggest that stereotyping and prejudice may be a common means to maintain one's self-image, and they discuss the role of self-image-maintenance processes in the context of motivational, sociocultural, and cognitive approaches to stereotyping and prejudice.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Indeed, empirical evidence supports the expectation that outgroup derogation elevates self-esteem because it increases the chance of achieving positive evaluation of the ingroup (Fein & Spencer, 1997;Rubin & Hewstone, 1998).”
From Collective Narcissism: Political Consequences of Investing Self‐Worth in the Ingroup’s Image (2019) · cites this paper as Fein & Spencer, 1997
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.
Triandis, H. C. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.506 · Cited by 5,019
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Steele, C. M. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4 · Cited by 3,697
Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM).
Forgas, J. P. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.39 · Cited by 3,470
Downward comparison principles in social psychology
Wills, T. A. (1981) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.90.2.245 · Cited by 2,705
Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895 · Cited by 2,007
Toward a self‐evaluation maintenance model of social behavior
Tesser, A. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60227-0 · Cited by 1,878
Prejudice with and without compunction
Devine, P. G., Monteith, M. J., Zuwerink, J. R., & Elliot, A. J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.817 · Cited by 572
Accountability and the Perseverance of First Impressions
Tetlock, P. E. (1983) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3033716 · Cited by 513 · cited 1×
“That is, unless other motives are activated, such as a goal of accurate perception (Darley, Fleming, Hilton, & Swann, 1988; Neuberg & Fiske, 1987), accountability (Tetlock, 1983), or social desirability or egalitarian motives (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1991; Monteith, 1993), people may find stereotyping and prejudice to be…”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 · Cited by 4,904
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431 · Cited by 3,893
Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., & Fong, G. T. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.845 · Cited by 2,452
Self-citationTARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Kernis, M. H. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01 · Cited by 1,683
The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38004-5 · Cited by 1,614
Metadata
- Authors
- Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Williams College (US)
- ORCID
- Spencer, Steven J.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-44
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1982406605
- Cited by
- 1,047
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 40.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- self-affirmation, self-esteem, prejudice, stereotyping, derogation, negative feedback, intergroup evaluation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
