Mental habits: metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking.
Abstract
In 8 studies, the authors investigated negative self-thinking as a mental habit. Mental content (negative self-thoughts) was distinguished from mental process (negative self-thinking habit). The negative self-thinking habit was assessed with a metacognitive instrument (Habit Index of Negative Thinking; HINT) measuring whether negative self-thoughts occur often, are unintended, are initiated without awareness, are difficult to control, and are self-descriptive. Controlling for negative cognitive content, the authors found that negative self-thinking habit was distinct from rumination and mindfulness, predicted explicit as well as implicit low self-esteem (name letter effect), attenuated a positivity bias in the processing of self-relevant stimuli, and predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms 9 months later. The results support the assumption that metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking as mental habit may play an important role in self-evaluative processes.
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Attenuated self-related process is related to emotional amelioration.
“It has been proposed that the attenuated self-related process was related to emotional amelioration either (Verplanken et al., 2007).”
From Enhanced Resting-State Functional Connectivity With Decreased Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations of the Salience Network in Mindfulness Novices (2022) · cites this paper as Verplanken et al., 2007
The present study's results corroborate previous findings that dispositional mindfulness is negatively associated with habitual negative thoughts and experiential avoidance.
“Broadly speaking, results from the present study corroborate previous findings with different clinical conditions, indicating that dispositional mindfulness is negatively associated with habitual negative thoughts [49] and experiential avoidance [50]”
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- Authors
- Verplanken, B., Friborg, O., Wang, C. E., Trafimow, D., & Woolf, K.
- Affiliations
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- New Mexico State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 526-541
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2083393605
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 10.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Research Council of Norway
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- mental habits, metacognition, metacognitive reflection, rumination, mindfulness, self-esteem, positivity bias, anxiety, depressive symptoms, self-assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Cognition, Female, Habits, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Thinking
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