The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation.
Abstract
Contains fulltext : 224349.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“People can thus better deal with the threat in a constructive way, rather than spend mental energy on avoidance, suppression, and rationalization (see Koole et al. 1999, Taylor & Walton 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Koole et al. 1999
In the citing paper
“Several meta-analyses of internet and computerized interventions, both self-help and clinician-assisted[31,32,33,34], found that internet interventions can reduce symptoms of depression, including among those who might otherwise lack access to treatment.”
From An online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Those participants who aYrmed an important aspect of the self by completing the values scale were less likely to ruminate after failure (Koole et al., 1999).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Koole et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“It also reduces the stressfulness of evaluative situations (Creswell et al., 2005) and the cognitive accessibility of threatening cognitions (Koole et al., 1999).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Koole et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“self-aYrmation led to increases in implicit positive mood, which in turn was associated with decreases in ruminative thought.”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Koole et al., 1999
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
(1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,293
Signal detection theory and psychophysics
Ingleby, D. (1967) · Journal of Sound and Vibration · doi:10.1016/0022-460x(67)90197-6 · Cited by 8,616
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,535
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Steele, C. M. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4 · Cited by 3,697
Review of personality and social psychology
Wheeler, L. S., & Shaver, P. R. (1980) · UMI Books on Demand · Cited by 3,593
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 405
Variations in Sources of Self-Affirmation: What Can Be Learned from Non-Western Contexts
Tavitian, L., & Bender, M. (2021) · Identity in a changing world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77242-0_15 · Cited by 2
Murayama, Y., Ito, H., Hamada, M., Takayanagi, N., Nakajima, T., Myogan, M., & Tsujii, M. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-00991-4 · Cited by 2
“In fact, multiple experimental studies have supported this function of rumination [55, 56].”
BackgroundWhen Artificial Feedback Hurts — Empirical Evidence from Community-Based Configuration Systems
Hildebrand, C., Landwehr, J. R., & Herrmann, A. P. (2011) · Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) · Cited by 2
Євченко, І. М., Masliuk, A., Подоляк, Н., & Гірченко, О. (2021) · Linguistics and Culture Review · doi:10.21744/lingcure.v5ns4.1586 · Cited by 2
“Personality aspires to realize himself or herself in the world, to life success, to assert the dignity in the self-worth of his or her personality (Koole et al., 1999; Cohen & Sherman, 2014; Tavitian-Elmadjian et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-System and Regulation of Negative Affect [Selbstsystem und Regulation negativen Affekts]
Quirin, M. (2005) · osnaDocs (Osnabrück University) · Cited by 2
Glassman, S. D. (2013) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) · Cited by 2
Debating deliberative democracy : how deliberation changes the way people reason
Flynn, T. W. (2011) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 2
Resting on your laurels: The effects of pride on persistence at creative tasks
Jung, H. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 2
Differential Effects of State Shame and Self-Affirmation on Reactive Aggression
Marcotte, M. A. (2017) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-marcotte-melissa-2017 · Cited by 2
Gorlin, E. I. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dsj8z · Cited by 2
Roberson, L., Kim, R., Russo, M., & Briganti, P. (2024) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x241240069 · Cited by 1
“This restores a sense of self-worth and decreases the cognitive accessibility of threatening thoughts (Klein et al., 2001; Koole et al., 1999).”
BackgroundKibbey, M. M., DiBello, A. M., Fedorenko, E. J., & Farris, S. G. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2339315 · Cited by 1
“Previous studies have shown an increase in positive feelings after self-affirmation tasks (Crocker et al., 2008; Koole et al., 1999), but the authors are unaware of any which demonstrate reductions in negative affect, specifically.”
McCullough, H., Zablah, A., & Smith, L. (2025) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2025.02.007 · Cited by 1
“8 the self can influence subsequent object attitudes, in that self-associated objects are better liked and receive more favorable evaluations (Gawronski, Bodenhausen, and Becker 2007; Kim and Johnson 2012; Koole et al. 1999; Pelham, Mirenberg, and Jones 2002; Perkins and Forehand 2012).”
Technology and Well-Being: Perspectives from the Capability Approach
Rothmann, S., Greeff, J., & Bunt, L. R. (2025) · Human well-being research and policy making · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87616-5_12 · Cited by 1
Yagi, Y., & Hirabayashi, Y. (2008) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.79.232 · Cited by 1
The Role of Rumination in Susceptibility of Learned Helplessness
Jarmakowski, T. (2011) · Studia Psychologiczne (Psychological Studies) · doi:10.2478/v10167-011-0005-8 · Cited by 1
Psychologia kontroli a psychologia władzy: wzajemne relacje i możliwe obszary inspiracji
Kofta, M., & Bukowski, M. (2011) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323512011.pp.75-99 · Cited by 1
Freedman, M. E., Weber, K. M., Yohannes, T., Cohen, M. H., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2023) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2023.2221423 · Cited by 1
“…reappraisal (Antoni et al., 2007; Chesney et al., 2003; Moskowitz et al., 2009), (7) self-compassion (Ne ff et al., 2007), (8) personal strengths (Koole et al., 1999; Taylor et al., 1992) and (9) attainable goals (Antoni et al., 2007; Brun-stein et al., 1998; Lent et al., 2005; Moskowitz et…”
Hall, C. D. X., Ethier, K. L., Cummings, P., Freeman, A., Bovbjerg, K., Bannon, J., Dakin, A., Abujado, F., Bouacha, N., Derricotte, D., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08475-1 · Cited by 1
“…l f - e nh a n c i n g c o g n i t i o n s ( t h o u g h t s a b o u t o n e ’ s p o s i t i v e q u a l i t i e s ) a r e a ss o c i a t e d w i t h b e tt e r p s y c h o l o g i c a l a d j u s t m e n t t o i ll n e ss [ 69 ] a n d h e a l t h i e r b i o - l o g i c a l p r o fi l e s [ 70 ] .”
Dijkstra, A., & Menninga, K. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2015.06.002 · Cited by 1
The Prevailing Origin of Psychological Problems in Young People: A Dissociation from the Future
Moss, S. A., & Wilson, S. G. (2015) · Issues in Social Science · doi:10.5296/iss.v3i1.6768 · Cited by 1
Implicit Egotism and Major Life Decisions
Pelham, B. W., Mirenberg, M. C., & Jones, J. T. (2002) · Cited by 1
The Roles of Self-Affirmation and Introspection in Correction for Automatic Prejudice
Zabel, K. L. (2015) · Cited by 1
Self-Affirmation Intervention to Remove Negative Effects Due to Self-Objectification
Ali, S. I., & Mahler, H. I. M. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.3.199 · Cited by 1
Heidemeier, H., Otten, S., & Göritz, A. S. (2020) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220916551 · Cited by 1
“Accordingly, rather than attempting to modify peoples’ chronic self-views, interventions might aim to make individuals aware of their values, and might encourage the use of self-affirmative strategies (Kinias & Sim, 2016; Koole et al., 1999).”
BackgroundNeuroendocrine and Affective Responses to Social Rejection and Acceptance by Peers
Blackhart, G. C. (2006) · Cited by 1
Bjerg, A. (2014) · doi:10.18297/etd/1726 · Cited by 1
Mirror, mirror on the wall procedural fairness as an evaluative and regulatory looking-glass self
Brebels, L. (2005) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 1
Klaphake, S. L. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
PSI theory: expectancy-based reactions as a function of self-regulation
Garivaldis, F. J. (2017) · Figshare · doi:10.4225/03/58a65c30afa70 · Cited by 1
Dabirzadeh, Z. (2018) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 1
Epton, T. (2010) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1
Different selves have different effects: Self-activation and defensive social comparison
Schwinghammer, S. A., Stapel, D. A., & Blanton, H. (2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633942013-632 · Cited by 1
Improving Performance on a Creativity Task via Self-Affirmation
Dutcher, J. M. (2010) · Figshare · doi:10.1184/r1/6686096
Subtle Signs of Exclusion: How lack of mimicry affects the perception of self and others
van Knippenberg, A. F. M., van Baaren, R. B., & Kouzakova, M. (2003)
The role of privacy in consistency and positivity motivation
Weaver, J. C. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Boyce, J. A. (2012) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/8554
Me, Myself, Fairness, and I: On the Self-Related Aspects of Fairness Reactions
Loseman, A. (2004) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Why dichotomize? : the combined effects of abstract and concrete processing on rumination
Mazzetti, F. A. (2010) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
The Effects of Matching Post-transgression Accounts to Targets' Preferences
Toner, K. (2013) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Matteson, J. (2011) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Lowinger, R. (2011) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Psychology of the Real Self: Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Ng, R. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.27055-4
The Psychological Process of Coping with Threat and Its Cultural Maintenance Function
Kashima, E. S. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373694-9.00019-2
Stein, L. M. (2012) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3kh0m8k
Smith, J. A. (2010) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Phelan, J. E. (2007) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3v40vk6
Ritterfeld, U., Roelofsma, P. H. M. P., Haring, P., Chakinska, D. K., & van den Bosch, M. (2010) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)
— EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM COMMUNITY -BASED CONFIGURATION SYSTEMS
Hildebrand, C., Landwehr, J. R., & Herrmann, A. P. (2011)
The role of self-regulatory individual differences in counterfactual thinking
Maloney, D. M. (2013)
Giroux, M. (2016) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Leal, S. A. (2016) · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)
On the Relations between Diet Violation, Self-perceptions and Attitudes, and Subsequent Dieting
Nguyen, C. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Attachment as Affirmation to Inhibit Health Risk Information Avoidance
McCrary, E. (2017) · TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University)
Diminishing the Perceived Importance of the Self: An Alternative Route to Self-Protection
Mizoguchi, N. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
“I will show you how great I am”: motivation from negative expectations
Kim, E. S. (2017) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
The Influence of Empathy on Implicit and Explicit Measures of Anti-Gay Prejudice
Nierman, A. J. (2005) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/1089-4136.jn10.3.102
Does it Bug You? Exploring the Role of Self-Affirmation in the Distress Caused by Killing
Blatter, J. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r30v89v9s
Thomas, C. L. (2018) · Cardinal Scholar (Ball State University)
Miketta, S. (2018) · Publications of the UdS (Saarland University) · doi:10.22028/d291-27274
Self-Affirmation Theory And The Change Of Perception Of Self And Threats
Wicker, I. (2019) · ISU Red - Research and eData (Illinois State University) · doi:10.30707/etd2019.wicker.i
Agokei, R. C., & Emmanuel, S. O. (2018) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0603.003
Bendezú, J. J., Wodzinski, A., Loughlin-Presnal, J. E., Mozeko, J., Cobler, S., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000851
Thomas, C. L., & Cassady, J. C. (2020) · DigitalCommons@Fayetteville State University (Fayetteville State University)
Interconnection of Personality Self-affirmation Strategy with Time Perspective
Євченко, І. М., Masliuk, A., Подоляк, Н., & Гірченко, О. (2021) · Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias · doi:10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2292
Legacy Trail: Photovoice of African American/Black Women CES Doctoral Graduates Persistence
Garraway, A. M. (2021) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.002.0006
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0005
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.005.0001
Continuing the Journey After Treatment
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0008
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0004
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.005.0002
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.002.0004
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0006
Introductory Information for Therapists
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0001
Behavioral Science and Neuroscience Identify Targets for Treatment of Anhedonia
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0002
General Treatment Format and Guiding Therapy Principles
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0003
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.002.0007
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0007
มณีขาว, ธ., & จรัลรัตนกุล, ป. (2017) · Chula Digiverse · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2017.806
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.005.0003
Tan, G., Guo, G., Ouyang, Y., Li, X., Lan, Y., Dong, C., Zhang, Q., & Xie, Z. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10166-2
“Specifically, self-affirmation promotes positive perceptions of events, increases positive emotions, reduces rumination [29], and improves problem-solving skills in underperforming chronically stressed individuals [12], thus allowing individuals to remain emotionally stable in stressful situations.”
韩, 蓄. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.158471
(2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-318-720251014
An Overview of Data-Informed Strategies That Self-Affirm College Athlete Identities
Harrison, C. K., & Rasmussen, J. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-026-920251007
Influence of consumer anxiety on preference for self-improvement products
Wang, J., Li, M.-R., & Yin, C. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-11-2024-1636
Lee, Y. H., Kim, H., & Cho, H. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08598-x · Cited by 1
“Based on the classical study of Allport et al. (1970) and subsequent appli - cations in the field by researchers such as Koole et al. ( 1999) and Cohen et al. ( 2000 ), the self-affirmation exercises in this study were designed to engage participants deeply with their personal values.”
Harris, P. R., & Jessop, D. C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89095-6_9
Powerful Teaching: Unlocking Our Potential with Instructional Self‑Coaching
Coker, D. C. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80592-825-620261012
L'influence du contexte social sur le contrôle inhibiteur et la créativité au cours du développement
Bouhours, L. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/302dfd17z8214z4263z8df5zf30855e8a5d1
Metadata
- Authors
- Koole, S. L., Smeets, K., van Knippenberg, A., & Dijksterhuis, A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- ORCID
- Koole, Sander L.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 111-125
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1992554080
- Semantic Scholar
- 02383043ba598c1d233ede60c2b64c29a71d6ef4
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- rumination, self-affirmation, self-affirmation theory, self-concept
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review