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The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation.
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“People can thus better deal with the threat in a constructive way, rather than spend mental energy on avoidance, suppression, and rationalization (see Koole et al. 1999, Taylor & Walton 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Koole et al. 1999
In the citing paper
“Several meta-analyses of internet and computerized interventions, both self-help and clinician-assisted[31,32,33,34], found that internet interventions can reduce symptoms of depression, including among those who might otherwise lack access to treatment.”
From An online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Those participants who aYrmed an important aspect of the self by completing the values scale were less likely to ruminate after failure (Koole et al., 1999).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Koole et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“It also reduces the stressfulness of evaluative situations (Creswell et al., 2005) and the cognitive accessibility of threatening cognitions (Koole et al., 1999).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Koole et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“self-aYrmation led to increases in implicit positive mood, which in turn was associated with decreases in ruminative thought.”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Koole et al., 1999
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Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421
The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38004-5 · Cited by 1,614
“It also reduces the stressfulness of evaluative situations (Creswell et al., 2005) and the cognitive accessibility of threatening cognitions (Koole et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review
Koole, S. L. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802619031 · Cited by 1,490
“The emotion regulation function of defensive bias is further supported by findings that affirming positive views of the self down-regulates negative emotion, especially when emotion is assessed by physiological or implicit measures (Creswell et al, 2005 ; Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999 ; Roese &…”
Self-citationThe Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention
Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137 · Cited by 1,302
“People can thus better deal with the threat in a constructive way, rather than spend mental energy on avoidance, suppression, and rationalization (see Koole et al. 1999, Taylor & Walton 2011).”
BackgroundLacking control increases illusory pattern perception
Whitson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1159845 · Cited by 1,119
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Liking Is for Doing: The Effects of Goal Pursuit on Automatic Evaluation.
Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.557 · Cited by 605
Self-affirmation and self-control: Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion.
Schmeichel, B. J., & Vohs, K. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014635 · Cited by 602
Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review
MCQueen, A., & Klein, W. M. P. (2006) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860600805325 · Cited by 563
“However, some researchers have reported a positive effect of self-affirmation on mood relative to comparison conditions (Galinsky et al, 2000 , study 1; Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999 , study 3; Van den Bos, 2001 , study 2) and others reported no significant effect (Cohen et al, 2000 , study 3; K…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA Motivated Action Theory Account of Goal Orientation.
DeShon, R. P., & Gillespie, J. Z. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1096 · Cited by 786
On the confluence of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms
Tesser, A. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0404_1 · Cited by 521
Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.409 · Cited by 715
“The items were adapted from Kuhlen and Monge (1968) and Gjesme (1979), including items such as “I can only think about the present,” “I find it difficult to think about the future,” “I am most concerned about how I feel in the present,” and “I feel a strong tendency to enjoy myself today and let the future take care o…”
MethodAffirmation of personal values buffers neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses
Creswell, J. D., Welch, W. T., Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Gruenewald, T. L., & Mann, T. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01624.x · Cited by 482
“On the psychological side, affirmations of personal values can attenuate perceptions of threat (Keough, 1998; Sherman & Cohen, 2002; Steele, 1988), reduce rumination after failure ( Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999 ), and reduce defensive responses to threatening information (Sherman, Nelson, & Ste…”
BackgroundCombating stereotype threat: The effect of self‐affirmation on women's intellectual performance
Martens, A., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., & Schimel, J. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.04.010 · Cited by 460
“Following self-affirmation, for example, people seem less concerned with failure on a purported intelligence test ( Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999 ), are less apt to rationalize behavior through attitude change (Steele & Lui, 1983), and are more open to acknowledging threats to personal health an…”
BackgroundMethodAlexandrov, A., Lilly, B., & Babakus, E. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-012-0323-4 · Cited by 448
“Self-affirmation may serve as a protective mechanism when the self is threatened (Fein and Spencer 1997; Koole et al. 1999; Steele and Liu 1983), which can be the case after a negative experience with a brand.”
BackgroundInfluentialJonas, E., McGregor, I., Klackl, J., Agroskin, D., Fritsche, I., Holbrook, C., Nash, K., Proulx, T., & Quirin, M. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800052-6.00004-4 · Cited by 447
Accepting threatening information: Self‐affirmation and the reduction of defensive biases
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2002) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00182 · Cited by 435
What's in a name: Implicit self-esteem and the automatic self.
Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.4.669 · Cited by 424
Self-citationFörster, J., Liberman, N., & Friedman, R. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868307303029 · Cited by 408
Writing about the benefits of an interpersonal transgression facilitates forgiveness.
McCullough, M. E., Root, L. M., & Cohen, A. D. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.5.887 · Cited by 434
“This proposition is consistent with other studies showing that one’s attentional focus after negative life events (e.g., rumination vs. distraction, focus on the “hot” vs. “cool” features of the event, or affirming key aspects of one’s self-image after the event) has implications for emotion, well-being, and social be…”
ResultGarnefski, N., van den Kommer, T., Kraaij, V., Teerds, J., Legerstee, J. S., & Onstein, E. J. (2002) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.458 · Cited by 387
“Ruminative thought commonly refers to the experience of repetitive thoughts in the absence of immediate environmental cueing (see Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999 ).”
BackgroundCrocker, J., Niiya, Y., & Mischkowski, D. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02150.x · Cited by 345
“Evidence that mood or affect mediates the effect of self-affirmation manipulations is scarce; one study found that a measure of implicit positive affect explained the effects of values affirmation in reducing rumination (Koole et al., 1999).”
BackgroundZeigler‐Hill, V. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00371.x · Cited by 350
What's in a name: implicit self-esteem and the automatic self
Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.669 · Cited by 424
Self-citationDijksterhuis, A. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.345 · Cited by 315
“In addition, they showed that the predictive validity of these measures was rather poor and that the test–retest reliability of only two out of the seven measures was acceptable (see also Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Koole, Dijksterhuis, & van Knippenberg, 2001; Koole et al., 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhy Susie sells seashells by the seashore: Implicit egotism and major life decisions.
Pelham, B. W., Mirenberg, M. C., & Jones, J. T. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.469 · Cited by 311
Psychological resilience predicts decreases in pain catastrophizing through positive emotions.
Ong, A. D., Zautra, A. J., & Reid, M. C. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0019384 · Cited by 293
What lies beneath: Parenting style and implicit self-esteem
DeHart, T., Pelham, B. W., & Tennen, H. A. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.12.005 · Cited by 309
The plasticity of well-being: A training-based framework for the cultivation of human flourishing
Dahl, C. J., Wilson‐Mendenhall, C. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2014859117 · Cited by 295
Hart, J., Shaver, P. R., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.999 · Cited by 344
“At least one study involving self-affirmation (Koole et al., 1999, Study 5) has shown that implicit positive affect mediated the effect of self-affirmation on the reduction of rumination after threat.”
BackgroundHow Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Js: Implicit Egotism and Interpersonal Attraction.
Jones, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Carvallo, M., & Mirenberg, M. C. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.665 · Cited by 255
“The current studies further establish the connection between implicit egotism and self-regulation (Beggan, 1992; Jones et al., 2002; Kitayama & Karasawa, 1997; Koole et al., 2001; Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999; Nuttin, 1987; Pelham et al., 2002; Steele, 1988).”
BackgroundClearing the mind: A working memory model of distraction from negative mood.
Van Dillen, L. F., & Koole, S. L. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.715 · Cited by 362
“Indeed, many individuals engage in prolonged negative ruminations when they would prefer to entertain more pleasant thoughts (Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999; Kuhl, 1994; Martin & Tesser, 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAffirmed yet unaware: Exploring the role of awareness in the process of self-affirmation.
Sherman, D. K., Cohen, G. L., Nelson, L. D., Nussbaum, A. D., Bunyan, D. P., & Garcia, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015451 · Cited by 223
Randomized controlled trial of a positive affect intervention for people newly diagnosed with HIV.
Moskowitz, J. T., Carrico, A. W., Duncan, L. G., Cohn, M. A., Cheung, E. O., Batchelder, A., Martinez, L., Segawa, E., Acree, M., & Folkman, S. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000188 · Cited by 220
Schmeichel, B. J., & Martens, A. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271567 · Cited by 220
“Consistent with this notion, Koole et al. (1999) found that the effect of selfaffirmation on control over ruminative thoughts was mediated by increased implicit positive affect, whereas explicit mood played little or no role in the process.”
BackgroundMechanisms of Identity Conflict
Hirsh, J. B., & Kang, S. K. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315589475 · Cited by 247
Sherman, D. K., Bunyan, D. P., Creswell, J. D., & Jaremka, L. M. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014663 · Cited by 234
“Consistent with the possibility that the self-affirmation can reduce concerns about the implications of failure, other research has found that experimentally induced self-affirmations can lead to the cessation of rumination about academic failures (Koole et al., 1999).”
ResultImplicit/Explicit Motive Discrepancies and Volitional Depletion among Managers
Kehr, H. M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203256967 · Cited by 232
Shifting social identities as a strategy for deflecting threatening social comparisons.
Mussweiler, T., Gabriel, S., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.398 · Cited by 208
“Past research, however, has demonstrated that failure results in more cognitive activity than success (e.g., Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999; McFarland & Ross, 1982; Wong & Weiner, 1981), so an identity shift may be more likely and/or necessary when participants are outperformed by the standard.”
BackgroundName Letter Preferences Are Not Merely Mere Exposure: Implicit Egotism as Self-Regulation
Jones, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Mirenberg, M. C., & Hetts, J. J. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1497 · Cited by 199
Self-affirmation alters the brain’s response to health messages and subsequent behavior change.
Falk, E. B., O’Donnell, M. B., Cascio, C. N., Tinney, F., Kang, Y., Lieberman, M. D., Taylor, S. E., An, L., Resnicow, K., & Strecher, V. J. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1500247112 · Cited by 190
An online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes
Cohn, M. A., Pietrucha, M. E., Saslow, L. R., Hult, J. R., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.920410 · Cited by 188
“Self-affirmation and recognizing personal strengths [55] [56,57][58]”
Confluence of Self-Esteem Regulation Mechanisms: On Integrating the Self-Zoo
Tesser, A., Crepaz, N., Collins, J. C., Cornell, D. P., & Beach, S. R. H. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002612003 · Cited by 187
“Lewin (1935) and his students, particularly Ovsiankina (1928), have identified at least one way of addressing this question (see Tesser, Martin, & Cornell, 1996, for a discussion).”
BackgroundSalivary cortisol in response to acute social rejection and acceptance by peers.
Blackhart, G., Eckel, L., & Tice, D. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.03.005 · Cited by 195
“After debriefing, all participants completed a selfaffirmation task (shown to increase positive mood and decrease negative mood after receiving negative self-threatening information; Koole et al., 1999) to ensure they were not upset when they left the laboratory.”
Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention
Moskowitz, G. B. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00001-x · Cited by 186
Should the Devil Sell Prada? Retail Rejection Increases Aspiring Consumers' Desire for the Brand
Ward, M. K., & Dahl, D. W. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/676980 · Cited by 190
Schmeichel, B. J., Gailliot, M. T., Filardo, E.-A., McGregor, I., Gitter, S., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015091 · Cited by 182
Self‐Affirmation: Understanding the Effects
Sherman, D. K. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12072 · Cited by 232
“Affirmation leads people to ruminate less over failures that occur in the laboratory (Koole et al., 1999) and led students to report dwelling less on what would happen if they failed during a highly stressful examination (Sherman et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBrosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. F. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.002 · Cited by 176
DeMarree, K. G., Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.657 · Cited by 178
“Sixty-seven Stanford University students and staff, who were compensated with $10 for their participation in the experiment, were randomly assigned to a condition.”
MethodSelf-Affirmations Provide a Broader Perspective on Self-Threat
Critcher, C. R., & Dunning, D. A. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214554956 · Cited by 180
“And in fact, Koole et al. (1999) showed that self-affirmations reduced rumination about a failure.”
InfluentialLost in the Wilderness: Terror Management, Action Orientation, and Nature Evaluation.
Koole, S. L., & den Berg, A. E. V. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.1014 · Cited by 157
“5 Kuhl (1994) introduced the label “failure-related” action orientation to refer to the AOT Scale.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhitson, J. A., Galinsky, A. D., & Kay, A. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.002 · Cited by 156
Reducing narcissistic aggression by buttressing self-esteem: An experimental field study
Thomaes, S., Bushman, B. J., Castro, B. O. D., Cohen, G. L., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02478.x · Cited by 153
“People who are reminded of values that are important to them become less vulnerable to experiences of ego threat, presumably because they realize that their worth as a person does not hinge upon one particular domain of functioning (Creswell et al., 2005; Koole et al., 1999; Sherman & Cohen, 2002).”
BackgroundDevos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1279.009 · Cited by 152
Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., Gebhardt, W. A., & Thayer, J. F. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.009110 · Cited by 155
McGregor, I. (2006) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701366977 · Cited by 152
“Affirming these same aspects of zeal eliminates defensive reactions and rumination after various self-threats, including mortality salience ( Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999 ; McGregor, 2004 , 2006a; Schmeichel & Martens, 2005 ; Sherman & Cohen, 2006 ).”
BackgroundEgalitarian goals trigger stereotype inhibition: A proactive form of stereotype control
Moskowitz, G. B., & Li, P. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.014 · Cited by 153
“This discrepancy is said to produce a psychological tension that impels the organism to reduce the tension and approach the standard.4 Such a discrepancy is sometimes introduced via negative feedback (e.g., Koole et al., 1999; Spencer, Fein, Wolfe, Fong, & Dunn, 1998).”
BackgroundWisman, A., & Koole, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.511 · Cited by 159
“During the pretesting session, participants filled out a Dutch translation of the Study of Values (AVL) Scale (Allport, Vernon, & Lindzey, 1960; see Koole et al., 1999).”
Self-citationRuminative Thoughts and Their Relation to Depression and Anxiety1
Harrington, J. A., & Blankenship, V. (2002) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00225.x · Cited by 146
Self-esteem, self-affirmation, and schadenfreude.
DIJK, W. W. V., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Wesseling, Y. M. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026331 · Cited by 142
Krause, H.-V., Baum, K., Baumann, A., & Krasnova, H. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2019.1656646 · Cited by 158
Self-affirmation promotes health behavior change.
Epton, T., & Harris, P. R. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.746 · Cited by 187
Is There an "I" in "Team"? The Role of the Self in Group-Serving Judgments.
Sherman, D. K., & Kim, H. S. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.108 · Cited by 139
“Viewed this way, it may be that the implicit affect measure may have been related to self-evaluation (for a discussion of this possibility, see Koole et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAre males always better than females in mental rotation? Exploring a gender belief explanation
Moè, A. (2008) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2008.02.002 · Cited by 138
“…the stereotype threat comes from a threat to self-integrity, self-affirmation can reduce the stereotype threat through an increase in self-esteem, boosting the sense of competence, integrity and self-worth and by reducing the fear of failure (Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijkesterhuis, 1999).”
Defensive pride and consensus: strength in imaginary numbers.
McGregor, I., Nail, P. R., Marigold, D. C., & Kang, S. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.978 · Cited by 137
“, 2000, Studies 1a & 1b) and that value-affirming thoughts effectively decrease rumination about threats (Greenberg et al., 2001; Koole et al., 1999; McGregor & Marigold, 2003).”
BackgroundName Letter Branding: Valence Transfers When Product Specific Needs Are Active
Brendl, C. M., Chattopadhyay, A., Pelham, B. W., & Carvallo, M. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/497552 · Cited by 130
“In contrast, a feeling focus is sufficient to bring about the name letter effect (Koole et al. 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAarts, H. (2007) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437190701485852 · Cited by 133
“First, studies that looked into the role of discrepancy (Fein & Spencer, 1997 ; Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999 ; Moskowitz, 2002 ) manipulated it explicitly, hence leading to awareness of the goal itself.”
BackgroundHarris, P. R., & Epton, T. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00233.x · Cited by 168
Self-Affirmation Enhances Attentional Bias Toward Threatening Components of a Persuasive Message
Klein, W. M. P., & Harris, P. R. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02467.x · Cited by 125
Processing Mode Influences the Relationship Between Trait Rumination and Emotional Vulnerability
Moberly, N. J., & Watkins, E. R. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.003 · Cited by 135
Derks, B., van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013068 · Cited by 124
The promise and peril of self-affirmation in de-escalation of commitment
Sivanathan, N., Molden, D. C., Galinsky, A. D., & Ku, G. (2008) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.12.004 · Cited by 123
“Together, the results of Studies 1 and 2 are consistent with a host of previous studies that have demonstrated a reduction in self-defensive judgments and decisions following self-affirmation ( Koole et al., 1999; Steele & Liu, 1983; Steele et al., 1993; Tesser & Cornell, 1991; see McQueen & Klein, 2006; Tesser, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSocial Identity Reduces Depression by Fostering Positive Attributions
Cruwys, T., South, E. I., Greenaway, K. H., & Haslam, S. A. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614543309 · Cited by 138
The focusing effect of self-evaluation threat in coaction and social comparison.
Müller, D., & Butera, F. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.194 · Cited by 118
“If we rely on Martin and Tesser’s (1996) model, we may suppose that this threat will lead to ruminative thoughts (see Koole et al., 1999, for an experimental test of this statement).”
BackgroundMethodThe Implicit Volition Model: On the Preconscious Regulation of Temporarily Adopted Goals
Moskowitz, G. B., Li, P., & Kirk, E. R. (2004) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(04)36006-5 · Cited by 120
What you feel is how you compare: How comparisons influence the social induction of affect.
Epstude, K., & Mussweiler, T. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014148 · Cited by 114
Beliefs in conspiracy theories following ostracism
Poon, K.-T., Chen, Z., & Wong, W.-Y. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219898944 · Cited by 115
“Moreover, self-affirmation can reduce stress (Sherman et al., 2009) and stop ruminative thinking (Koole et al., 1999).”
BackgroundHelping the self help others: self-affirmation increases self-compassion and pro-social behaviors
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00421 · Cited by 112
“…value friends and family, has been shown to buffer many different threats to the self, such as reducing rumination in response to failure feedback (Koole et al., 1999), lowering stress reactivity to social evaluation (Creswell et al., 2005, 2013), and in mitigating the effects of stereotype…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-infiltration: confusing assigned tasks as self-selected in memory.
Baumann, N., & Kuhl, J. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202250916 · Cited by 137
“Why do we sometimes feel free and in control of our own thoughts and behaviors and at other times compelled and alienated? If the self participates in so many useful functions, such as regulating affect (Linville, 1987; Showers & Kling, 1996), stopping rumination ( Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999…”
BackgroundToma, C. L. (2013) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2012.762189 · Cited by 114
Perils of Compensatory Consumption: Within-Domain Compensation Undermines Subsequent Self-Regulation
Lisjak, M., Bonezzi, A., Kim, S., & Rucker, D. D. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/678902 · Cited by 114
“rumination (Brunstein and Gollwitzer 1996; Koole et al. 1999; for a review, see Martin and Tesser 1996). For example, Brunstein and Gollwitzer (1996) found that people who experienced a self-discrepancy because of failure feedback reported ruminating about the feedback.”
BackgroundInfluentialLogel, C., & Cohen, G. L. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611421936 · Cited by 106
Wakslak, C. J., & Trope, Y. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.002 · Cited by 105
On Being Exposed to Superior Others: Consequences of Self‐Threatening Upward Social Comparisons
Dominique Muller, B., & Fayant, M. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00279.x · Cited by 102
Kazén, M., Baumann, N., & Kühl, J. (2003) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1025043530799 · Cited by 106
“Examples can be found in the control of ruminative thinking ( Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999; Kuhl & Baumann, 2000), goal awareness (Bock & Klinger, 1986; Klinger, 1996), and goal enactment (Fuhrmann & Kuhl, 1998; Oettingen, 1996).”
BackgroundMcGregor, I. M., Gailliot, M., Vasquez, N. A., & Nash, K. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207306280 · Cited by 110
The Effect of Self-Affirmation in Nonthreatening Persuasion Domains: Timing Affects the Process
Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., Gallardo, I., & DeMarree, K. G. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207306282 · Cited by 102
“Although self-affirmation has not affected mood in most previous studies, there are isolated examples in which it has (e.g., Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999 ).”
ResultHolland, R. W., Meertens, R. M., & van Vugt, M. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702237652 · Cited by 101
Woodyatt, L., & Wenzel, M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.09.012 · Cited by 87
Schumann, K. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.04.013 · Cited by 100
Integrating Content and Structure Aspects of the Self: Traits, Values, and Self‐Improvement
Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Oppenheim‐Weller, S., Elster, A., & Gal, A. (2013) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12041 · Cited by 111
Don't derogate this message! Self-affirmation promotes online type 2 diabetes risk test taking
van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Das, E. H. H. J. (2008) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440802340156 · Cited by 95
“…suggested by Tesser (2000), future studies may want to examine whether self-affirmation produces affect that people do not experience consciously (e.g. see Koole et al., 1999 for such a study outside the health domain) to gain more insight in how self-affirmation is related to affective processes.”
BackgroundCascio, C. N., O’Donnell, M. B., Tinney, F. J., Lieberman, M. D., Taylor, S. E., Strecher, V. J., & Falk, E. B. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv136 · Cited by 101
“…with the hypothesis that systems associated with positive valuation play an important role in successful affirmation and are consistent with the broadened value account of why self-affirmation interventions succeed (Koole et al., 1999; Cohen et al., 2009; Cook et al., 2012; Sherman et al., 2013).”
Why Religion’s Burdens Are Light: From Religiosity to Implicit Self-Regulation
Koole, S. L., McCullough, M. E., Kuhl, J., & Roelofsma, P. H. M. P. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309351109 · Cited by 130
Self-citationReactive approach motivation (RAM) for religion.
McGregor, I., Nash, K. A., & Prentice, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019702 · Cited by 100
The role of affect and rumination in cardiovascular recovery from stress
Radstaak, M., Geurts, S. A. E., BROSSCHOT, J. F., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.06.017 · Cited by 100
Nash, K. A., McGregor, I., & Prentice, M. S. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025944 · Cited by 89
Environmental Disorder Leads to Self-Regulatory Failure
Chae, B. G., & Zhu, R. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/674547 · Cited by 88
“The participants were presented with a list of 11 values and personal characteristics (e.g., physical attractiveness, creativity, athletics; Koole et al. 1999; Schmeichel and Vohs 2009) and asked to prioritize them in order of personal importance.”
BackgroundThe psychology of the affirmed learner: Spontaneous self-affirmation in the face of stress.
Brady, S. T., Reeves, S. L., Garcia, J., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Cook, J. E., Taborsky-Barba, S., Tomasetti, S., Davis, E. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000091 · Cited by 120
“…te nd ed s ol el y fo r th e pe rs on al u se o f th e in di vi du al u se r an d is n ot t o be d is se m in at ed b ro ad ly . taneous affirmation would be associated with less rumination, as past research has found that affirmation can reduce thoughts related to failure (Koole et al., 1999).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Koole, S. L., Smeets, K., van Knippenberg, A., & Dijksterhuis, A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- ORCID
- Koole, Sander L.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 111-125
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1992554080
- Semantic Scholar
- 02383043ba598c1d233ede60c2b64c29a71d6ef4
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- rumination, self-affirmation, self-affirmation theory, self-concept
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