The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation.
Abstract
Contains fulltext : 224349.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“People can thus better deal with the threat in a constructive way, rather than spend mental energy on avoidance, suppression, and rationalization (see Koole et al. 1999, Taylor & Walton 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Koole et al. 1999
In the citing paper
“Several meta-analyses of internet and computerized interventions, both self-help and clinician-assisted[31,32,33,34], found that internet interventions can reduce symptoms of depression, including among those who might otherwise lack access to treatment.”
From An online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Those participants who aYrmed an important aspect of the self by completing the values scale were less likely to ruminate after failure (Koole et al., 1999).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Koole et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“It also reduces the stressfulness of evaluative situations (Creswell et al., 2005) and the cognitive accessibility of threatening cognitions (Koole et al., 1999).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Koole et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“self-aYrmation led to increases in implicit positive mood, which in turn was associated with decreases in ruminative thought.”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Koole et al., 1999
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
(1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,293
Signal detection theory and psychophysics
Ingleby, D. (1967) · Journal of Sound and Vibration · doi:10.1016/0022-460x(67)90197-6 · Cited by 8,616
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,535
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Steele, C. M. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4 · Cited by 3,697
Review of personality and social psychology
Wheeler, L. S., & Shaver, P. R. (1980) · UMI Books on Demand · Cited by 3,593
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276
Neely, J. H. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226 · Cited by 2,826
Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.19 · Cited by 2,726
(1998) · Cited by 2,713
Ironic processes of mental control.
Wegner, D. M. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.101.1.34 · Cited by 2,609
Attention and Self-Regulation : A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,580
Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content.
Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338 · Cited by 2,319
Paradoxical effects of thought suppression.
Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Carter, S. R., & White, T. L. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.1.5 · Cited by 2,127
Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895 · Cited by 2,007
Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.259 · Cited by 2,001
Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience.
Higgins, E. T. (1996) · Cited by 1,970
What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior.
Vallacher, R. R., & Wegner, D. M. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.1.3 · Cited by 1,802
Young, P. T., & Arnold, M. B. (1963) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419805 · Cited by 1,437
Wegner, D. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1992) · Cited by 1,231
Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others.
Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31 · Cited by 1,047
Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90104-4 · Cited by 1,001
Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives.
Klinger, E. (1975) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0076171 · Cited by 969
Self-Complexity and Affective Extremity: Don't Put All of Your Eggs in One Cognitive Basket
Linville, P. W. (1985) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1985.3.1.94 · Cited by 934
Heckhausen, J., & Heckhausen, H. (2008) · Cited by 923
Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound.
Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Jetten, J. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.808 · Cited by 834
Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.122 · Cited by 825
Dissonance processes as self-affirmation.
Steele, C. M., & Liu, T. J. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.5 · Cited by 785
Wortman, C. B., & Brehm, J. W. (1975) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60253-1 · Cited by 772
A Dynamic Theory of Personality - Selected Papers
Lewin, K. (2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 749
Wicklund, R. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315825663 · Cited by 728
Emmons, R. A., & King, L. A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1040 · Cited by 701
Self‐image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources
Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.885 · Cited by 600
When ego threats lead to self-regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.141 · Cited by 578
Narcissism beyond Gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect
Nuttin, J. M. (1985) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420150309 · Cited by 572
Coping and the Simulation of Events
Taylor, S. E., & Schneider, S. K. (1989) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.174 · Cited by 524
Representation of intentions: persisting activation in memory.
Goschke, T., & Kuhl, J. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1211 · Cited by 503
A non-parametric analysis of recognition experiments
Pollack, I. W., & Norman, D. A. (1964) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03342823 · Cited by 496
Motivation and Self-Regulation across the Life Span
Heckhausen, J., & Dweck, C. S. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527869 · Cited by 483
Trivialization: the forgotten mode of dissonance reduction.
Simon, L., Greenberg, J., & Brehm, J. W. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.247 · Cited by 466
Situated Optimism: Specific Outcome Expectancies and Self-Regulation
Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (1998) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60386-x · Cited by 462
Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts.
Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Roper, D. W. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.55.6.882 · Cited by 439
Structure and Functions of Fantasy
Dissanayake, E., & Klinger, E. (1974) · Leonardo · doi:10.2307/1573079 · Cited by 425
Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 413
Emmons, R. A. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.292 · Cited by 411
Atkinson, J. W., & Birch, D. A. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 399
Affective consequences of mere ownership: The name letter effect in twelve European languages
Nuttin, J. M. (1987) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420170402 · Cited by 390
Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms
Lepore, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1030 · Cited by 356
Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms.
Lepore, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.5.1030 · Cited by 353
Behavior research methods and instrumentation
Sidowski, J. B. (1968) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03209857 · Cited by 350
(1989) · Cited by 313
Āllport, G. W., Vernon, P. E., & Lindzey, G. E. (1960) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 309
Implicit Self-Esteem in Japan: Name Letters and Birthday Numbers
Kitayama, S., & Karasawa, M. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297237006 · Cited by 296
Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts.
Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Roper, D. W. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.882 · Cited by 296
White bears and other unwanted thoughts
Wegner, D. M. (1990) · Cited by 293
Effects of failure on subsequent performance: The importance of self-defining goals.
Brunstein, J. C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.395 · Cited by 287
When exemplification fails: Hypocrisy and the motive for self-integrity.
Stone, J., Wiegand, A. W., Cooper, J., & Aronson, E. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.54 · Cited by 268
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Pinel, E. C., Simon, L., & Jordan, K. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1993.1010 · Cited by 246
Compensatory self-inflation: A response to the threat to self-regard of public failure.
Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.273 · Cited by 230
Fanning old flames: Emotional and cognitive effects of suppressing thoughts of a past relationship.
Wegner, D. M., & Gold, D. B. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.68.5.782 · Cited by 227
Motivational and volitional determinants of depression: The degenerated-intention hypothesis.
Kühl, J., & Helle, P. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.95.3.247 · Cited by 221
On the confluence of self processes
Tesser, A., & Cornell, D. P. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(91)90023-y · Cited by 216
Untersuchungen zur Handlungs- und Affektpsychologie
Lewin, K. (1927) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf02409756 · Cited by 209
Dutton, K. A., & Brown, J. D. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.139 · Cited by 203
Self-discrimination and memory: state orientation and false self-ascription of assigned activities.
Kuhl, J., & Kazén, M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.6.1103 · Cited by 188
The Willfull Pursuit of Identity
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Kirchhof, O. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527869.017 · Cited by 175
The role of thought suppression in the bonding of thought and mood
Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Klein, S. B. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.500 · Cited by 173
Fanning old flames: Emotional and cognitive effects of suppressing thoughts of a past relationship.
Wegner, D. M., & Gold, D. B. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.782 · Cited by 173
The role of chronic and temporary goals in social information processing
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (1986) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 161
Self-discrimination and memory: State orientation and false self-ascription of assigned activities.
Kühl, J., & Kazén, M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.6.1103 · Cited by 153
Motivational and volitional determinants of depression: The degenerated-intention hypothesis.
Kühl, J., & Helle, P. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.95.3.247 · Cited by 149
Beauregard, K. S., & Dunning, D. A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.3.606 · Cited by 149
When Racial Ambivalence Evokes Negative Affect, Using a Disguised Measure of Mood
Has, R. G., Katz, I., Rizzo, N., Bailey, J. W., & Moore, L. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292186015 · Cited by 136
Beauregard, K. S., & Dunning, D. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.606 · Cited by 134
Blanton, H., Cooper, J., Slkurnik, I., & Aronson, J. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297237002 · Cited by 127
Wyer, R. S., & Frey, D. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(83)90015-x · Cited by 122
Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.0013 · Cited by 112
Self-citationUnintended effects of goals on unintended inferences.
Uleman, J. S., & Moskowitz, G. B. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.3.490 · Cited by 111
Feelings and their motivational implications: Moods and the action sequence
Schwarz, N., Bohner, G., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (1996) · PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) · Cited by 103
Ersatzhandlungen verschiedenen Realitätsgrades
Mahler, W. (1933) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf02409627 · Cited by 103
Attributional analysis as self-affirmation.
Liu, T. J., & Steele, C. M. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.3.531 · Cited by 100
Maintaining Consistency between Self-Serving Beliefs and Available Data
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Holt, K. D. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285112006 · Cited by 90
Integrative views of motivation, cognition, and emotion
Spaulding, W. D. (1994) · University of Nebraska Press eBooks · Cited by 87
Mikulincer, M. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.1.129 · Cited by 86
The interruption of tasks: Methodological, factual, and theoretical issues.
Butterfield, E. C. (1964) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0039873 · Cited by 84
Tesser, A., Pilkington, C. J., & McIntosh, W. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.442 · Cited by 70
Die Entspannung von Bedürfnissen durch Ersatzhandlungen
Lissner, K. (1933) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf02409632 · Cited by 66
Marrow, A. J. (1938) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1938.9711185 · Cited by 59
Self-regulation and ego threat: Motivated cognition, self deception, and destructive goal setting.
Baumeister, R. F. (1996) · Cited by 48
A nonparametric procedure for evaluation of true and false positives
Pollack, I. W. (1970) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03209289 · Cited by 46
Mental control of eating: Excitatory and inhibitory food thoughts.
Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1993) · Cited by 42
Nygård, R., & Gjesme, T. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 36
Goal effects on thought and behavior
GoUwitzer, P. M., & Moskowitz, G. B. (1996) · Cited by 29
Ruminative thought and the deactivation of an intention
Beckmann, J. (1994) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf02856472 · Cited by 23
Nuttin’s Affective Selfparticles Hypothesis and the Name Letter Effect: A Review
Hoorens, V. (1990) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.801 · Cited by 17
Self-presentation and the Zeigarnik effect
Beckmann, J. (1996) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 4
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421
The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38004-5 · Cited by 1,614
“It also reduces the stressfulness of evaluative situations (Creswell et al., 2005) and the cognitive accessibility of threatening cognitions (Koole et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review
Koole, S. L. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802619031 · Cited by 1,490
“The emotion regulation function of defensive bias is further supported by findings that affirming positive views of the self down-regulates negative emotion, especially when emotion is assessed by physiological or implicit measures (Creswell et al, 2005 ; Koole, Smeets, van Knippenberg, & Dijksterhuis, 1999 ; Roese &…”
Self-citationThe Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention
Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137 · Cited by 1,302
“People can thus better deal with the threat in a constructive way, rather than spend mental energy on avoidance, suppression, and rationalization (see Koole et al. 1999, Taylor & Walton 2011).”
BackgroundLacking control increases illusory pattern perception
Whitson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1159845 · Cited by 1,119
Metadata
- Authors
- Koole, S. L., Smeets, K., van Knippenberg, A., & Dijksterhuis, A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- ORCID
- Koole, Sander L.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 111-125
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1992554080
- Semantic Scholar
- 02383043ba598c1d233ede60c2b64c29a71d6ef4
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- rumination, self-affirmation, self-affirmation theory, self-concept
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
