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Emotion regulation and memory: the cognitive costs of keeping one's cool
Abstract
An emerging literature has begun to document the affective consequences of emotion regulation. Little is known, however, about whether emotion regulation also has cognitive consequences. A process model of emotion suggests that expressive suppression should reduce memory for emotional events but that reappraisal should not. Three studies tested this hypothesis. Study 1 experimentally manipulated expressive suppression during film viewing, showing that suppression led to poorer memory for the details of the film. Study 2 manipulated expressive suppression and reappraisal during slide viewing. Only suppression led to poorer slide memory. Study 3 examined individual differences in typical expressive suppression and reappraisal and found that suppression was associated with poorer self-reported and objective memory but that reappraisal was not. Together, these studies suggest that the cognitive costs of keeping one's cool may vary according to how this is done.
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“For example, cognitive reappraisal strategies reduce the stress response and increase tolerance for emotional stimuli, without any detrimental effects (Gross, 1998; Richards & Gross, 2000).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Richards & Gross, 2000
In the citing paper
“In contrast, expressive suppression can have negative effects (e.g., Richards and Gross, 2000), which supports the view that response focused strategies like suppression drain cognitive resources significantly more compared to antecedent focused strategies (Richards and Gross, 2000).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Richards and Gross, 2000
In the citing paper
“In contrast, expressive suppression can have negative effects (e.g., Richards and Gross, 2000), which supports the view that response focused strategies like suppression drain cognitive resources significantly more compared to antecedent focused strategies (Richards and Gross, 2000).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Richards and Gross, 2000
In the citing paper
“Richards and Gross (2000) show that suppression reduces the memory of information that is conceived during suppression, implying that executive resources that are necessary to prevent expression absorb cognitive ability to encode information.”
From Strong Enough to Suffer: Emotional Suppression, Stress Exposure, and Physiological Health Among Men Across the Life Course (2026) · cites this paper as Richards & Gross, 2000
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 410-424
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4241540074
- Cited by
- 1,472
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 95
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, memory, cognitive cost, emotional control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Repression, Psychology
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