The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity.
Abstract
Although research has shown that priming negative stereotypes leads to lower performance among stigmatized individuals, little is understood about the cognitive mechanism that accounts for these effects. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that stereotype threat interferes with test performance because it reduces individuals' working memory capacity. Results show that priming self-relevant negative stereotypes reduces women's (Experiment 1) and Latinos' (Experiment 2) working memory capacity. The final study revealed that a reduction in working memory capacity mediates the effect of stereotype threat on women's math performance (Experiment 3). Implications for future research on stereotype threat and working memory are discussed.
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Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770
Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078
The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity
Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., & Bunting, M. F. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196169 · Cited by 875
Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance
Stone, J., Lynch, C. I., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1213 · Cited by 712
Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance
Schmader, T. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1500 · Cited by 711
Self-citationFemale role models: protecting women's math test performance
Marx, D. M., & Roman, J. S. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812004 · Cited by 621
Activating stereotypes undermines task performance expectations
Stangor, C., Carr, C., & Kiang, L. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1191 · Cited by 221
What is working memory capacity?
Engle, R. W. (2004) · The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder. · doi:10.1037/10394-016 · Cited by 174 · cited 4×
“Cognitive psychology has identified working memory capacity as the ability to focus one’s attention on a given task while keeping taskirrelevant thoughts at bay (Engle, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cited by
The Social Psychology of Stigma
Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 · Cited by 3,114
Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user’s guide
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196772 · Cited by 2,882
Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791 · Cited by 2,733
“When triggered, stereotype threat induces stress and reduction in working memory and focus, leading to impaired performance (Schmader & Johns, 2003).”
BackgroundExecutive functions and self-regulation
Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006 · Cited by 1,965
An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.336 · Cited by 1,576
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmader, T., & Johns, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 440-452
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1979594809
- Cited by
- 1,111
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 98.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
