Cited by 712Social and Intergroup PsychologySport Psychology and PerformanceRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance

Stone, Jeff, Lynch, Christian I., Sjomeling, Mike, Darley, John M.·1999·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Abstract

Two experiments showed that framing an athletic task as diagnostic of negative racial stereotypes about Black or White athletes can impede their performance in sports. In Experiment 1, Black participants performed significantly worse than did control participants when performance on a golf task was framed as diagnostic of "sports intelligence. " In comparison, White participants performed worse than did control participants when the golf task was framed as diagnostic of "natural athletic ability. " Experi-ment 2 observed the effect of stereotype threat on the athletic performance of White participants for whom performance in sports represented a significant measure of their self-worth. The implications of the findings for the theory of stereotype threat (C. M. Steele, 1997) and for participation in sports are discussed. Since no one can be indifferent to the abuse and expectations of others we must anticipate that ego defensiveness will frequently be found among members of groups that are set off for ridicule, disparagement, and discrimination. It could not be otherwise. (Allport, 1954, p. 143) Gordon Allport (1954) observed that being the target of a negative stereotype about an important social identity is distressing

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1213

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Stereotype threat compromises performance in domains beyond academics, including White men in athletics, older adults in memory tasks, and men in social sensitivity tasks.

    “Moreover, stereotype threat compromises performance in domains beyond academics; for example, threat effects have been shown for White men in athletics (Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley, 1999), older adults in memory tasks (Hess, Auman, Colcombe, & Rahhal, 2003;Levy, 1996), and men in social sensitivity tasks (Koenig & Eagly, 2005).”

    From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley, 1999

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Stone, J., Lynch, C. I., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J. M.
Affiliations
University of Arizona (US)
Venue
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Published
1999-12
Volume
77
Issue
6
Pages
1213-1227
ISSN
  • 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1315
OpenAlex
W1984167703
Cited by
712
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 35
FWCI
45.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords
stereotype threat, athletic performance, racial stereotypes, Black athletes, white athletes, task framing, sports intelligence, self-worth, sports participation, golf performance

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review