Cited by 1,550Social and Intergroup PsychologyCategorization, perception, and languageDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

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Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations.

Skowronski, John J., Carlston, Donal E.·1989·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131

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Abstract

Mise au point sur les explications de certains biais lies aux recherches sur la formation des impressions, et presentation d'un modele fonde sur des indices de categorisation du stimulus pour rendre compte de tels biais

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Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131

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“Halo was higher in the poor context condition than in either the good context condition or the target performance; this is also consistent with prior research (Palmer, Feldman, & Maurer, 1998) and theory ( Skowronski & Carlston, 1989 ).”
Result
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“First, a growing number of studies demonstrate the asymmetric responses of individuals to positive and negative information.1 Studies in psychology find that unfavorable information has a stronger impact on impressions than favorable information does (e.g. Skowronski and Carlston, 1989; Vonk, 1996).”
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“The appeal of extreme behaviors as defensive responses to attitudinal threats might be due to their unusu-alness and how costly they are, which make them seem diagnostic of individuals’ personal beliefs ( 11 , 23 – 24 ).”
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“Prior research in psychology has documented that negative information more strongly affects individuals’ evaluations than positive information (Kanouse and Hansen 1971; Kahneman and Tversky 1979; Skowronski and Carlston 1989).”
Background
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“Each behavior statement was rated on the dimensions of morality [11], competence [10], informativeness [23], and believability [5], which are known to affect impression formation.”
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“However, research on the recency effect has suggested that when information is perceived to be very negative or deviate greatly from a positive norm, this late information will dominate perceptions and preceding information will be ignored [31].”
Background
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“The former indicates that negative information is more likely to be perceived and evaluated than comparable positive information, increasing the likelihood of getting a message through (Peeters & Czapinski, 1990; Skowronski & Carlston, 1989).”
Background
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Authors: Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University Newark (US)
ORCID: Skowronski, John J.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989
Volume: 105
Issue: 1
Pages: 131-142
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131
OpenAlex: W1981706854
Cited by: 1,550
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 48.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: negativity bias, impression formation, stimulus classification, social perception

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Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations.

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