Cited by 1,550Social and Intergroup PsychologyCategorization, perception, and languageDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

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Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations.

Skowronski, John J., Carlston, Donal E.·1989·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131

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Abstract

Mise au point sur les explications de certains biais lies aux recherches sur la formation des impressions, et presentation d'un modele fonde sur des indices de categorisation du stimulus pour rendre compte de tels biais

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Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131

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“That is, we would like to integrate the present findings with a large and diverse body of research suggesting that negative information influences people’s evaluations more strongly than positive information (see, e.g., Ito, Larsen, Smith, & Cacioppo, 1998; Skowronski & Carlston, 1989).”
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“Much research has shown that people are more influenced by negative than by positive information (the negativity bias; for reviews, see Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer, & Vohs, 2001; Rozin & Royzman, 2001; Skowronski & Carlston, 1989).”
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Background
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Background
It's all good: Children's personality attributions after repeated success and failure in peer and computer interactions
Boseovski, J. J., Shallwani, S., & Lee, K. (2008) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151008x377839 · Cited by 26
“Notably, the positivity bias stands in contrast to the adult literature on impression formation in which greater weight is often given to negative, than positive, information (e.g. Skowronski & Carlston, 1989).”
Result
The Ultimate LULU? Public Reaction to New Nuclear Activities at Major Weapons Sites
Greenberg, M., Lowrie, K. W., Burger, J., Powers, C. W., Gochfeld, M., & Mayer, H. J. (2007) · Journal of the American Planning Association · doi:10.1080/01944360708977982 · Cited by 25
Positivity Advantages in Social Information Processing
Unkelbach, C. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00407.x · Cited by 28
An Attributional Analysis of Reactions to Negative Emotions
Karasawa, K. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295215004 · Cited by 25
Evidence for arrogance: On the relative importance of expertise, outcome, and manner
Milyavsky, M., Kruglanski, A. W., Chernikova, M., & Schori‐Eyal, N. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180420 · Cited by 26
When Less Is More: How Mindset Influences Consumers’ Responses to Products with Reduced Negative Attributes
Wong, V. C. H., Su, L., & Lam, P.-Y. (2020) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/0022242920920859 · Cited by 27
“Negative attributes are also likely to differ in the degree to which consumers perceive them as a threat, defined as having harmful consequences and frightening to consumers (Herr, Kardes, and Kim 1991; Skowronski and Carlston 1989).”
Background
Luxury Branding in the Hospitality Industry: The Impact of Employee’s Luxury Appearance and Elitism Attitude
Kim, K., & Baker, M. A. (2021) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/19389655211022660 · Cited by 27
The Effects of Performance Extremities on Ratings of Dynamic Performance
Lee, H., & Dalal, R. (2011) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2011.554467 · Cited by 23
“Skowronski and Carlston (1987, 1989) similarly suggested that negative events are more influential because they are more diagnostic than positive events.”
Background
The Persuasive Effects of Partisan Campaign Mailers
Doherty, D., & Adler, E. S. (2014) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912914535987 · Cited by 28
Influence of indirect information on interpersonal trust despite direct information.
Zarolia, P., Max Weisbuch, A., & Kateri Mcrae, A. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000074 · Cited by 24
Role of gender differences on individuals’ responses to electronic word-of-mouth in social interactions
Sun, J., Song, S., House, D., & Kwon, M. (2019) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2018.1564015 · Cited by 28
“Additionally, females are likely to pay more attention and put more weight on negative over positive information (Skowronski and Carlston 1989).”
Background
How Jurors Use and Misuse Character Evidence.
Hunt, J. S., & Budesheim, T. L. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.347 · Cited by 24
“Consistent with our assertion that general CE may not be considered diagnostic, Tanford and Cox (1988) found that general CE about a defendant’s honesty only affected jurors’ judgments about liability in a civil trial when they were given information about a previous perjury conviction as well as judicial instructions…”
Background
Basking in detected vice: Outgroup immorality enhances self-view
Sacchi, S., Brambilla, M., & Graupmann, V. (2020) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430219895320 · Cited by 23
“In line with the negativity effect (e.g., Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer, & Vohs, 2001; Skowronski & Carlston, 1989; Vonk, 1996), past experiments showed a more influential impact of negative moral information than of positive cues on impression formation (Brambilla et al., 2016) and the…”
The Effects of Superstition on Choice and Latency
Ang, S. H., Lai, W. K., & Leong, S. M. (2014) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20754 · Cited by 23
The strength of no tie relationship in an online recommendation
Koo, D. (2015) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-01-2014-0022 · Cited by 25
Interorientation interactions and impressions: Does the timing of disclosure of sexual orientation matter?
Buck, D. M., & Plant, E. A. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.10.016 · Cited by 23
“Contrary to this line of reasoning, there is also some evidence that information that is seen as being particularly negative can create a recency effect, whereby negative information presented late can lead to the preceding information being disregarded (Fiske, 1980; Skowronski & Carlston, 1989).”
Background

Authors: Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University Newark (US)
ORCID: Skowronski, John J.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989
Volume: 105
Issue: 1
Pages: 131-142
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131
OpenAlex: W1981706854
Cited by: 1,550
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 48.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: negativity bias, impression formation, stimulus classification, social perception

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Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations.

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