Cited by 1,550Social and Intergroup PsychologyCategorization, perception, and languageDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

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Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations.

Skowronski, John J., Carlston, Donal E.·1989·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131

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Abstract

Mise au point sur les explications de certains biais lies aux recherches sur la formation des impressions, et presentation d'un modele fonde sur des indices de categorisation du stimulus pour rendre compte de tels biais

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“Research on negativity bias has repeatedly shown that negative information has a stronger impact than positive information (eg, Cacioppo & Berntson, 1994 ; Fazio, Eiser, & Shook, 2004 ; Skowronski & Carlston, 1989 ).”
Background
Marginal Trust in Risk Managers: Building and Losing Trust Following Decisions Under Uncertainty
White, M. P., & Eiser, J. R. (2006) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00807.x · Cited by 96
“In these cases it seems as if “success is more influential in ability attribution than is failure” (Skowronski & Carlston, 1989, p. 138) because “those of higher skill are expected to be capable of altering their performance across a wide range of different levels.”
Aging and social expertise: The impact of trait-diagnostic information on impressions of others.
Hess, T. M., & Auman, C. (2001) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.16.3.497 · Cited by 96
How We Conceptualize Our Attitudes Matters: The Effects of Valence Framing on the Resistance of Political Attitudes
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On the Peculiarities of Loyalty: A Diary Study of Responses to Dissatisfaction in Everyday Life
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Changing Our Implicit Minds: How, When, and Why Implicit Evaluations Can Be Rapidly Revised
Cone, J., Mann, T. C., & Ferguson, M. J. (2017) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.03.001 · Cited by 107
“…(McConnell, Rydell, Strain, & Mackie, 2008), attractiveness (Lorenzo, Biesanz, & Human, 2010), clothing (Mills & Aronson, 1965), and, importantly, behavioral information (Fiske, 1980; Schneid, Carlston, & Skowronski, 2015; Skowronski & Carlston, 1989; Winter & Uleman, 1984), among many others.”
BackgroundInfluential
Examining the Influence of Emotional Expressions in Online Consumer Reviews on Perceived Helpfulness
Chen, M., & Farn, C. (2020) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102266 · Cited by 95
The role of arousal congruency in influencing consumers' satisfaction evaluations and in‐store behaviors
Wirtz, J., Mattila, A. S., & Tan, R. L. P. (2007) · International Journal of Service Industry Management · doi:10.1108/09564230710732876 · Cited by 95
“The positive-negative asymmetry effect is well-established in the impression formation literature (Anderson, 1965; Skowronski and Carlston, 1989).”
Background
Review popularity and review helpfulness: A model for user review effectiveness
Wu, J. (2017) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2017.03.008 · Cited by 94
“, [26]), negativity bias is positive whenmorality judgment is activated, but is negative when ability judgment is primed.”
Background
Understanding Gender Differences in Rape Victim Blaming: The Power of Social Influence and Just World Beliefs
Pinciotti, C. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517725736 · Cited by 94
“Exposure to positive support had very little impact on blame attributions for either perpetrator or victim, perhaps due to the tendency for negative information to influence social judgments greater than positive information (Skowronski & Carlston, 1989).”
Background
The impact of CSR on corporate reputation perceptions of the public—A configurational multi‐time, multi‐source perspective
Rothenhöfer, L. M. (2018) · Business Ethics A European Review · doi:10.1111/beer.12207 · Cited by 98
Can bad news be good? On the positive and negative effects of including moderately negative information in CSR disclosures
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Investigating Electronic Word-of-Mouth Effects on Online Discussion Forums: The Role of Perceived Positive Electronic Word-of-Mouth Review Credibility
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“21 25 Some researchers have found that the effect of the review valence on persuasiveness depends on individual consumption goals 26 and product category.”
Interdependent sampling and social influence.
Denrell, J. C., & Mens, G. L. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.2.398 · Cited by 97
Losses Loom Longer than Gains: Modeling the Impact of Service Crises on Perceived Service Quality over Time
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“Third, another asymmetry is needed because whereas a mass service failure can often be solved in a limited period of time, customer judgments could be stickier (e.g., Baumeister et al. 2001; Skowronski and Carlston 1989).”
Background
Negativity in the Evaluation of Political Candidates
Klein, J. G., & Ahluwalia, R. (2004) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.69.1.131.55509 · Cited by 93
The Use of Concurrent Disclosures to Correct Invalid Inferences
Johar, G. V., & Simmons, C. J. (2000) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209565 · Cited by 93
A recurrent connectionist model of group biases.
Rooy, D. V., Overwalle, F. V., Vanhoomissen, T., Labiouse, C., & French, R. M. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.3.536 · Cited by 92
eWOM anatomy of online product reviews: interaction effects of review number, valence, and star ratings on perceived credibility
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Greenberg, M., & Truelove, H. B. (2010) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01535.x · Cited by 91
Age and Experience Influences on the Complexity of Social Inferences.
Hess, T. M., Osowski, N. L., & Leclerc, C. M. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.447 · Cited by 90
“These studies examined age differences in sensitivity to diagnostic behavioral cues in making social inferences; differential attention to positive and negative behavioral information across trait domains is used as a reflection of sensitivity (see Skowronski & Carlston, 1989).”
Dimensions of Marginality: Distinctions among those Who are Different
Frable, D. E. S. (1993) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167293194002 · Cited by 90

Authors: Skowronski, J. J., & Carlston, D. E.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University Newark (US)
ORCID: Skowronski, John J.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989
Volume: 105
Issue: 1
Pages: 131-142
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.131
OpenAlex: W1981706854
Cited by: 1,550
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 48.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: negativity bias, impression formation, stimulus classification, social perception

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Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations.

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