Out-group homogeneity effects in natural and minimal groups.

Ostrom, Thomas M.; Sedikides, Constantine

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.536

Cited by 335Social and Intergroup PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionPsychology of Social Influence

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Out-group homogeneity effects in natural and minimal groups.

Ostrom, Thomas M., Sedikides, Constantine·1992·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.536

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Reviews literature relevant to the out-group homogeneity effect. The review assesses whether the effect emerges in both natural- and minimal-group contexts. Data relevant to the out-group homogeneity effects are examined for 3 types of dependent measures. Whereas strong support for the effect is obtained across all measures in natural-group settings, no consistent effect is observed in minimal-group settings. Some theories (need-based motives, salience of self, and generalized homogeneity beliefs) predict the occurrence of the effect in both natural and minimal groups, whereas others (group-specific homogeneity beliefs and information encoding and retrieval) predict the occurrence of the effect only for natural groups. The question of whether conditions exist under which the out-group homogeneity can be produced in the minimal-group setting is addressed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.536

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The misestimation of the extremism of rival groups via stereotypical generalization is accompanied by a tendency to hyperrepresent outgroup homogeneity.
“The misestimation of the extremism of rival groups via stereotypical generalization is accompanied by a tendency to hyperrepresent outgroup homogeneity (Ostrom & Sedikides, 1992).”
From ¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España (2025) · cites this paper as Ostrom & Sedikides, 1992

The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626
Social psychology of intergroup relations
Tajfel, H. (1982) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245 · Cited by 7,949
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202 · Cited by 5,562
In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis.
Brewer, M. B. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307 · Cited by 3,411
Social Identity and Intergroup Relations.
Glassner, B., & Tajfel, H. (1985) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069233 · Cited by 3,232
Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism
Beer, W. R., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069383 · Cited by 1,491
Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students.
Katz, D., & Braly, K. W. (1933) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0074049 · Cited by 1,490
What's new? Acquiring New information as a process in comprehension
Haviland, S. E., & Clark, H. H. (1974) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(74)80003-4 · Cited by 1,157
Untitled work
(1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,084
Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: Biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm.
Ross, L., Lepper, M. R., & Hubbard, M. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.5.880 · Cited by 1,052
Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: Biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm.
Ross, L. D., Lepper, M. R., & HUBBARD, M. L. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.32.5.880 · Cited by 1,052
Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis.
Greenwald, A. G. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076157 · Cited by 1,022
Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice1
Tajfel, H. (1969) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00620.x · Cited by 990
Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization: Memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members.
Park, B., & Rothbart, M. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1051 · Cited by 653
Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members: Empirical evidence and a computer simulation.
Linville, P. W., Fischer, G. W., & Salovey, P. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.165 · Cited by 627
Under what conditions does theory obstruct research progress?
Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.216 · Cited by 574
Uniqueness, the human pursuit of difference
Snyder, C. R. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 571
On the fading of social stereotypes: Studies in three generations of college students.
Karlins, M., Coffman, T. L., & Walters, G. C. (1969) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027994 · Cited by 550
The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers.
Quattrone, G. A., & JONES, E. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.141 · Cited by 544
Us and them: Social categorization and the process of intergroup bias.
Perdue, C. W., Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., & Tyler, R. B. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.475 · Cited by 527
Priming and communication: Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction
Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Schwarz, N. (1988) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420180505 · Cited by 470
Out-group homogeneity: Judgments of variability at the individual and group levels.
Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.778 · Cited by 458
Stereotype persistence and change among college students.
Gilbert, G. M. (1951) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0053696 · Cited by 439
Individual construct accessibility, person memory, and the recall-judgment link: The case of information overload.
Bargh, J. A., & Thein, R. D. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.5.1129 · Cited by 348
Perceptions of Ingroup and Outgroup Variability: A Meta-Analytic Integration
Mullen, B., & Hu, L.-T. (1989) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1003_3 · Cited by 345
Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority-majority contexts.
Simon, B. C., & Brown, R. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.703 · Cited by 339
Measures and models of perceived group variability.
Park, B., & Judd, C. M. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.2.173 · Cited by 329
Perception of variability in category development: Instance- versus abstraction-based stereotypes.
Park, B., & Hastie, R. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.621 · Cited by 248
Social psychology, 7th ed.
Sears, D. O., Peplau, L. A., & Taylor, S. E. (1991) · Cited by 197
Perceived Variability of Personal Characteristics in In-Groups and Out-Groups
JONES, E. E., Wood, G. C., & Quattrone, G. A. (1981) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616728173024 · Cited by 194
Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability.
Judd, C. M., Ryan, C. S., & Park, B. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.3.366 · Cited by 191
Cross-Racial Facial Identification: A Social Cognitive Integration
Anthony, T., Copper, C., & Mullen, B. R. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292183005 · Cited by 180
Differential processing of in-group and out-group information.
Ostrom, T. M., Carpenter, S., Sedikides, C., & Li, F. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.21 · Cited by 164
Self-citation
Social identity and perceived group homogeneity: Evidence for the ingroup homogeneity effect
Simon, B. C., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1990) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420200402 · Cited by 158
Empirical contributions: Predictions of belief homogeneity and similarity following social categorization
Wilder, D. A. (1984) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00648.x · Cited by 144
Political identity and perceived intragroup homogeneity
Kelly, C. M. (1989) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00866.x · Cited by 130
Perceptions of the magnitude and diversity of social support
Goethals, G. R., Allison, S. J., & Frost, M. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(79)90052-0 · Cited by 91
Stereotyping and Self-Stereotyping in a Natural Intergroup Context: The Case of Heterosexual and Homosexual Men
Simon, B. C., Glassner-Bayerl, B., & Stratenwerth, I. (1991) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786654 · Cited by 87
Affective stimulus value and cognitive complexity.
Irwin, M., Tripodi, T., & Bieri, J. (1967) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024406 · Cited by 78
Perceptions of and by minority groups: The case of women in academia
Brown, R. J., & Smith, A. (1989) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420190106 · Cited by 67
Perceptions of relative group size and group homogeneity: We are the majority and they are all the same
Simon, B. C., & Mummendey, A. (1990) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420200406 · Cited by 52
Consensus information and fundamental attribution error: The role of development and in-group versus out-group knowledge.
Higgins, E. T., & Bryant, S. L. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.889 · Cited by 41
Perceived social support for opinions: A test of the magnitude and diversity hypotheses
Manstead, A. S. R. (1982) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00510.x · Cited by 34
Cognitive Differentiation in Intergroup Perception
Stephan, W. G. (1977) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/3033545 · Cited by 32
The dilution effect and group membership: An instance of the pervasive impact of outgroup homogeneity
Denhaerinck, P., Lfyens, J., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (1989) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420190305 · Cited by 10

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
STEREOTYPES
Hilton, J. L., & von Hippel, W. (1996) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.237 · Cited by 1,118
Perceiving persons and groups.
Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.2.336 · Cited by 960
The ascent of man: Theoretical and empirical evidence for blatant dehumanization.
Kteily, N., Bruneau, E., Waytz, A. G., & Cotterill, S. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000048 · Cited by 776
Gender Differences in Cooperation and Competition
van Vugt, M., David De Cremer, A., & Janssen, D. P. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01842.x · Cited by 547
The categorization-individuation model: An integrative account of the other-race recognition deficit.
Hugenberg, K., Young, S. G., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0020463 · Cited by 515
Stereotypes and Prejudice in Conflict
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814 · Cited by 506
Extending the Faultline Model to Geographically Dispersed Teams: How Colocated Subgroups can Impair Group Functioning
Polzer, J. T., Crisp, C. B., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Kim, J. W. (2006) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2006.22083024 · Cited by 465
Evolutionary Psychology: New Perspectives on Cognition and Motivation
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131628 · Cited by 473
Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison.
Brewer, M. B., & Weber, J. G. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.2.268 · Cited by 437
The social psychology of gender: how power and intimacy shape gender relations
Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-4142 · Cited by 435
Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame.
Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.68.2.181 · Cited by 417
Dehumanization in Medicine
Haque, O. S., & Waytz, A. G. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611429706 · Cited by 417
Social Identity, Distinctiveness, and In-Group Homogeneity
Brewer, M. B. (1993) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1993.11.1.150 · Cited by 381
On the Evolutionary Origin of Prospect Theory Preferences
McDermott, R., Fowler, J. H., & Smirnov, O. A. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381608080341 · Cited by 383
Culture, Context, and Behavior
Matsumoto, D. (2007) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00476.x · Cited by 401
They All Look the Same to Me (Unless They're Angry)
Ackerman, J. M., Shapiro, J. R., Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., Becker, D. V., Griskevicius, V., Maner, J. K., & Schaller, M. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01790.x · Cited by 328
Forgive and Forget? Antecedents and Consequences of Intergroup Forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Čehajić‐Clancy, S., Brown, R. J., & Castano, E. (2008) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00634.x · Cited by 325
Strategies for Social Inference: A Similarity Contingency Model of Projection and Stereotyping in Attribute Prevalence Estimates.
Ames, D. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.573 · Cited by 294
Majority Acculturation Orientations Toward “Valued” and “Devalued” Immigrants
Montreuil, A., & Bourhis, R. Y. (2001) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022101032006004 · Cited by 287
Danger, Disease, and the Nature of Prejudice(s)
Schaller, M., & Neuberg, S. L. (2012) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394281-4.00001-5 · Cited by 280
Mood and heuristics: The influence of happy and sad states on sensitivity and bias in stereotyping.
Park, J., & Banaji, M. R. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1005 · Cited by 280
Self-stereotyping and social context: The effects of relative in-group size and in-group status.
Simon, B. C., & Hamilton, D. L. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.4.699 · Cited by 266
Accuracy and awareness in the perception and categorization of male sexual orientation.
Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B., & Macrae, C. N. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013194 · Cited by 223
A pox on the mind: Disjunction of attention and memory in the processing of physical disfigurement
Ackerman, J. M., Becker, D. V., Mortensen, C. R., Sasaki, T., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.008 · Cited by 219
Mere Membership
Dunham, Y. C. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.004 · Cited by 212
You don't know me, but I know you: The illusion of asymmetric insight.
Pronin, E., Kruger, J., Savtisky, K., & Ross, L. D. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.639 · Cited by 205
On The Role Of Encoding Processes In Stereotype Maintenance
von Hippel, W., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Vargas, P. T. (1995) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60406-2 · Cited by 190
The Primacy of the Ingroup: The Interplay of Entitativity and Identification
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Castano, E., Leyens, J., & Paladino, M. P. (2000) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792772043000059 · Cited by 175
Differential processing of in-group and out-group information.
Ostrom, T. M., Carpenter, S., Sedikides, C., & Li, F. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.21 · Cited by 164
Self-citation
Intergroup Perception and Cognition
Kawakami, K., Amodio, D. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2017) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.001 · Cited by 186
A Social Identity Approach to Person Memory
Bavel, J. J. V., & Cunningham, W. A. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212455829 · Cited by 155
Person memory in intergroup contexts: Categorization versus individuation.
Brewer, M. B., Weber, J. G., & Carini, B. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.29 · Cited by 165
Unique individual or interchangeable group member? The accentuation of intragroup differences versus similarities as an indicator of the individual self versus the collective self.
Simon, B. C., Pantaleo, G., & Mummendey, A. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.106 · Cited by 146
The Development of Social Essentialism: The Case of Israeli Children’s Inferences About Jews and Arabs
Birnbaum, D. W., Deeb, I., Segall, G., Ben‐Eliyahu, A., & Diesendruck, G. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01432.x · Cited by 145
Differential Evaluation of Crossed Category Groups: Patterns, Processes, and Reducing Intergroup Bias
Crisp, R. J., & Hewstone, M. (1999) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430299024001 · Cited by 142
Similarity and Agreement in Self-and Other Perception: A Meta-Analysis
Kenny, D. A., & West, T. V. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309353414 · Cited by 134
Attributions for the negative historical actions of a group
Doosje, B., & Branscombe, N. R. (2003) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.142 · Cited by 164
How Stereotypes Are Shared Through Language: A Review and Introduction of the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) Framework
Beukeboom, C. J., & Burgers, C. (2019) · Review of Communication Research · doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.017 · Cited by 126
Extending Construal-Level Theory to Distributed Groups: Understanding the Effects of Virtuality
Wilson, J. M., Crisp, C. B., & Mortensen, M. (2012) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1120.0750 · Cited by 127
Exemplar and Abstraction Models of Perceived Group Variability and Stereotypicality
Linville, P. W., & Fischer, G. W. (1993) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1993.11.1.92 · Cited by 122
Perceiving the World Through Group-Colored Glasses: A Perceptual Model of Intergroup Relations
Xiao, Y. J., Coppin, G., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2016) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2016.1199221 · Cited by 121
Temporality and collectivity: Diversity, history and the rhetorical construction of national entitativity
Condor, S. (2006) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466605x82341 · Cited by 121
Algorithmic Transference: People Overgeneralize Failures of AI in the Government
Longoni, C., Cian, L., & Kyung, E. J. (2023) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/00222437221110139 · Cited by 121
The "I," the "we," and the "when": A meta-analysis of motivational primacy in self-definition.
Gaertner, L., Sedikides, C., Vevea, J. L., & Iuzzini, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.574 · Cited by 123
Self-citation
A Three-Tier Hierarchy of Self-Potency
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., Luke, M. A., O’Mara, E. M., & Gebauer, J. E. (2013) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407188-9.00005-3 · Cited by 113
Self-citation
Measuring the Measures
Boldry, J. G., Gaertner, L., & Quinn, J. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207075153 · Cited by 113
Individual Self, Relational Self, Collective Self: Hierarchical Ordering of the Tripartite Self
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & O’Mara, E. M. (2011) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-011-0059-0 · Cited by 127
Self-citation
Urban neighbourhoods and intergroup relations: The importance of place identity
Bernardo, F., & Palma‐Oliveira, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.01.010 · Cited by 109
Group status and perceptions of homogeneity
Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1998) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779843000045 · Cited by 105
Seeing isn't believing: the effect of intergroup exposure on children's essentialist beliefs about ethnic categories.
Deeb, I., Segall, G., Birnbaum, D. W., Ben-Eliyahu, A., & Diesendruck, G. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026107 · Cited by 100
Us and them: Memory advantages in perceptually ambiguous groups
Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B., & Macrae, C. N. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196822 · Cited by 101
Differential associations of knowing and liking with accuracy and positivity bias in person perception.
Weßels, N. M., Zimmermann, J., Biesanz, J. C., & Leising, D. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000218 · Cited by 111
The cost of anti-Asian racism during the COVID-19 pandemic
Huang, J. T., Krupenkin, M., Rothschild, D. M., & Lee, J. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01493-6 · Cited by 103
Intergroup Perception in the Social Context: The Effects of Social Status and Group Membership on Perceived Out-group Homogeneity and Ethnocentrism
Bräuer, M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1432 · Cited by 98
The heterogeneity of homogeneity.
Linville, P. W. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10286-008 · Cited by 90
Perceived covariation among the features of ingroup and outgroup members: The outgroup covariation effect.
Linville, P. W., Fischer, G. W., & Yoon, C. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.421 · Cited by 89
Memory for in-group and out-group information in a minimal group context: The self as an informational base.
Gramzow, R. H., Gaertner, L., & Sedikides, C. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.188 · Cited by 89
Self-citation
Embracing the foreign: Cultural attractiveness and international strategy
Li, C., Brodbeck, F. C., Shenkar, O., Ponzi, L. J., & Fisch, J. H. (2016) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2528 · Cited by 90
Group impressions as dynamic configurations: The tensor product model of group impression formation and change.
Kashima, Y., Woolcock, J., & Kashima, E. S. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.107.4.914 · Cited by 87
The ingroup overexclusion effect: Identity concerns in decisions about group membership
Yzerbyt, V. Y., Leyens, J., & Bellour, F. (1995) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420250102 · Cited by 86
Perceived Variability and Stereotype Change
Hewstone, M., & Hamberger, J. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1398 · Cited by 84
My friends are all alike — the relation between liking and perceived similarity in person perception
Alves, H., Koch, A. S., & Unkelbach, C. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.011 · Cited by 90
A social neuroscience approach to self and social categorisation: A new look at an old issue
Bavel, J. J. V., & Cunningham, W. A. (2010) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2010.543314 · Cited by 84
Prejudice against Muslims: anxiety as a mediator between intergroup contact and attitudes, perceived group variability and behavioural intentions
Hutchison, P., & Rosenthal, H. E. S. (2010) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419871003763312 · Cited by 79
Perceived Group Variability in Intergroup Relations: The Distinctive Role of Social Identity
Doosje, B., Spears, R., Ellemers, N., & Koomen, W. (1999) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779943000017 · Cited by 75
On being more than just a part of the whole: Regional identity and social distinctiveness
Simon, B. C., Kulla, C., & Zobel, M. (1995) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420250306 · Cited by 74
Ingroup favoritism and intergroup cooperation under indirect reciprocity based on group reputation
Masuda, N. (2012) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.07.002 · Cited by 75
Student Sampling as a Theoretical Problem
Henry, P. J. (2008) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400802049951 · Cited by 68
Sugaring the Pill: Assessing Rhetorical Strategies Designed to Minimize Defensive Reactions to Group Criticism
Hornsey, M. J., Robson, E. L., Smith, J. R., Esposo, S. R., & Sutton, R. M. (2008) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00314.x · Cited by 65
Group entitativity and similarity: Their differing patterns in perceptions of groups
Crump, S. A., Hamilton, D. L., Sherman, S. J., Lickel, B. A., & Thakkar, V. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.716 · Cited by 65
The highs and lows of group homogeneity
Castano, E., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (1998) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(97)00078-8 · Cited by 65
Following in the Wake of Anger: When Not Discriminating Is Discriminating
Shapiro, J. R., Ackerman, J. M., Neuberg, S. L., Maner, J. K., Becker, D. V., & Kenrick, D. T. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209339627 · Cited by 69
In-group modulation of perceptual matching
Moradi, Z., Sui, J., Hewstone, M., & Humphreys, G. W. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0798-8 · Cited by 63
Subgroup differentiation and subgroup bias among Latinos as a function of familiarity and positive distinctiveness.
Huddy, L., & Virtanen, S. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.68.1.97 · Cited by 63
Why Antibias Interventions (Need Not) Fail
Schmader, T., Dennehy, T. C., & Baron, A. S. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211057565 · Cited by 71
The primal warrior: Outgroup threat priming enhances intergroup discrimination in men but not women
Yuki, M., & Yokota, K. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.018 · Cited by 62
Neural adaptation to faces reveals racial outgroup homogeneity effects in early perception
Hughes, B., Camp, N. P., Gomez, J., Natu, V. S., Kalanit Grill-spector, A., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1822084116 · Cited by 61
Why Some Faces won't be Remembered: Brain Potentials Illuminate Successful Versus Unsuccessful Encoding for Same-Race and Other-Race Faces
Lucas, H. D., Chiao, J. Y., & Paller, K. A. (2011) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00020 · Cited by 61
Exploring the Relationships between Fear-Related Xenophobia, Perceptions of Out-Group Entitativity, and Social Contact in Norway
Ommundsen, R., Yakushko, O. F., van der Veer, C. G., & Ulleberg, P. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/17.07.21.pr0.112.1.109-124 · Cited by 59
In-Group Bias and Fair-Mindedness as Strategies of Self-Presentation in Intergroup Perception
Singh, R., Choo, W. M., & Poh, L. L. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298242004 · Cited by 59
Stereotypes and social judgment: The consequences of group variability.
Lambert, A. J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.68.3.388 · Cited by 59
Small‐Group Research in Social Psychology: Topics and Trends over Time
Wittenbaum, G. M., & Moreland, R. L. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00065.x · Cited by 57
TRENDS: Racial Resentment and Public Opinion across the Racial Divide
Kam, C. D., & Burge, C. (2019) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912919870280 · Cited by 54
More Memory Bang for the Attentional Buck
Becker, D. V., Anderson, U. S., Neuberg, S. L., Maner, J. K., Shapiro, J. R., Ackerman, J. M., Schaller, M., & Kenrick, D. T. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550609359202 · Cited by 52
Reputational Implications of Procedural Fairness for Personal and Relational Self-Esteem
David De Cremer, A., & Sedikides, C. (2008) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973530701866557 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
[Social Identity Theory: a critical synthesis of its bases, evidence and controversies].
Scandroglio, B., López, J. S., & Sebastián, M. C. S. J. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 50
Explaining Asymmetric Intergroup Judgments through Differential Aggregation: Computer Simulations and Some New Evidence
Fiedler, K., Kemmelmeier, M., & Freytag, P. (1999) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779943000008 · Cited by 50
They’re All the Same!. . . but for Several Different Reasons
Rubin, M., & Badea, C. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412457363 · Cited by 48
The neural underpinnings of intergroup social cognition: an fMRI meta-analysis
Merritt, C., MacCormack, J. K., Stein, A. G., Lindquist, K. A., & Muscatell, K. A. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab034 · Cited by 47
Male–Male Status Signaling through Favoring Organic Foods: Is the Signaler Perceived and Treated as a Friend or a Foe?
Puska, P., Kurki, S., Lähdesmäki, M., Siltaoja, M. E., & Luomala, H. (2016) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20922 · Cited by 50
How Many Casualties Are Too Many? Proportional Reasoning in the Valuation of Military and Civilian Lives1
Friedrich, J. R., & Dood, T. L. (2009) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00537.x · Cited by 45
Large Language Models Portray Socially Subordinate Groups as More Homogeneous, Consistent with a Bias Observed in Humans
Lee, M. H. J., Montgomery, J., & Lai, C. K. (2024) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3630106.3658975 · Cited by 72
The effects of social identity threat and social identity affirmation on laypersons’ perception of scientists
Nauroth, P., Gollwitzer, M., Kozuchowski, H., Bender, J., & Rothmund, T. (2016) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662516631289 · Cited by 44
When under threat, we all look the same: Distinctiveness threat induces ingroup homogeneity in face memory
Wilson, J. P., & Hugenberg, K. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.005 · Cited by 43
One Field, Many Perspectives: Building the Foundations for Dialogue
Hermann, M. G. (1998) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00099 · Cited by 41
An information sampling explanation for the in-group heterogeneity effect.
Konovalova, E., & Mens, G. L. (2019) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000160 · Cited by 44
The Effects of Social Identity on the Self-Set Goals and Task Performance of High and Low Self-Esteem Individuals
Pilegge, A. J., & Holtz, R. (1997) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1997.2689 · Cited by 39
Biased processing of stereotype-incongruency is greater for low than high status groups
Sekaquaptewa, D., & Espinoza, P. P. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00093-3 · Cited by 38
Why Do People Perceive Ingroup Homogeneity on Ingroup Traits and Outgroup Homogeneity on Outgroup Traits?
Rubin, M., & Badea, C. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206293190 · Cited by 39

Authors: Ostrom, T. M., & Sedikides, C.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Sedikides, Constantine
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992-11
Volume: 112
Issue: 3
Pages: 536-552
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.536
OpenAlex: W1998904405
Cited by: 334
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 29.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Keywords: minimal groups, natural groups, intergroup perception, intergroup attitudes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Out-group homogeneity effects in natural and minimal groups.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks