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An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol’s effects on stress responses in social drinkers
Abstract
This article reviews the effects of alcohol on stress responses among social drinkers. Despite considerable research, the relationship between alcohol and stress has remained unclear. An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol's effects on stress responses is proposed, which attempts to integrate many divergent findings. According to this model, alcohol disrupts initial appraisal of stressful information by constraining the spread of activation of associated information previously established in long-term memory. The conditions under which such disruption is likely to occur are outlined. Evidence relevant to each of the model's propositions is considered. It is concluded that the appraisal-disruption model provides a framework for integrating many of the findings from past investigations. Theoretical issues pertinent to the model are addressed.
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“The ADM suggests that individuals use alcohol to dampen negative self-talk, thereby weakening stress and anxiety symptoms [9,10].”
From Does Relationship-Contingent Self-Esteem Play a Role in the Stress to Impaired Control Pathway to Alcohol-Related Problems in a College Student Sample? (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
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Items 101–200 of 321
Bacon, A. K., & Ham, L. S. (2010) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.002 · Cited by 50
Kirchner, T., & Sayette, M. A. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701188893 · Cited by 46
“Most of these models posit that alcohol disrupts executive cognitive processes, thereby reducing a drinker’s ability to consider delayed negative consequences relative to proximal rewards (e.g., Sayette, 1993; Steele & Josephs, 1990).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNorris, J., George, W. H., Stoner, S. A., Masters, N. T., Zawacki, T., & Davis, K. C. (2006) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.3.402 · Cited by 46
“Findings from the present study are consistent with the appraisal– disruption model of stress responding ( Sayette, 1993 ) and Figure 2. Mean results for passive resistance on a 7-point Likert scale as a function of relationship and level of sexual advances.”
BackgroundResultChildren of Alcoholics Exhibit Attenuated Cognitive Impairment During an Ethanol Challenge
Erblich, J., & Earleywine, M. (1999) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04140.x · Cited by 45
Perceived Danger While Intoxicated Uniquely Contributes to Driving After Drinking
Morris, D. H., Padovano, H. T., Niculete, M. E., & McCarthy, D. M. (2013) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12252 · Cited by 44
“, 2011; Steele and Josephs, 1990), memory retrieval (Kirchner and Sayette, 2003; Sayette, 1993), and behavioral inhibition (Marczinski et al.”
BackgroundSchröder, K. E. E., & Perrine, M. W. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.011 · Cited by 44
“…of tension-reduction, motivation, and alcohol expectancy models (e.g., Cappell & Herman, 1972; Levenson, Sher, Grossman, Newman, & Newlin, 1980; Sayette, 1993; Young, Oei, & Knight, 1990), alcohol consumption patterns were studied primarily as a response to negative life events (Frone, Cooper,…”
BackgroundEffects of acute alcohol consumption on processing of perceptual cues of emotional expression
Attwood, A. S., Ohlson, C., Benton, C. P., Penton‐Voak, I. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108089604 · Cited by 46
“The appraisaldisruption model of alcohol consumption asserts, for example, that alcohol dampens the initial appraisal of information and that this impairment is cognitively mediated (Sayette, 1993).”
BackgroundAttwood, A. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114536476 · Cited by 48
Zack, M. H., Poulos, C. X., Aramakis, V. B., Khamba, B., & MacLeod, C. M. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00322.x · Cited by 43
“Whereas Steele and Josephs emphasized the importance of distraction, Sayette’s appraisal disruption model (Sayette, 1993) focuses on the timing of alcohol consumption with respect to stress.”
BackgroundRole stress and alcohol use on restaurant server’s job satisfaction: Which comes first?
Hight, S. K., & Park, J. (2018) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.012 · Cited by 42
Negative affectivity and drug use in adolescent boys: Moderating and mediating mechanisms.
Shoal, G. D., & Giancola, P. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.221 · Cited by 41
Alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses' memory of intimate partner violence
Karlén, M. H., af Hjelmsäter, E. R., Fahlke, C., Granhag, P. A., & Gordh, A. S. (2014) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2014.951644 · Cited by 40
“…the capacity to encode and remember sequences, to maintain focus of attention and to associate old and new information (Fletcher & Henson, 2001; Sayette, 1993; Sher et al., 2007), which would indicate that during intoxication, detailed encoding and reporting of an interactive sequence…”
BackgroundBresin, K., & Mekawi, Y. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1802378 · Cited by 41
“…(e.g., social support; Andrews et al., 2012)—there is also evidence they may serve similar emotion regulation functions, including the reduction of negative affect (Nock & Prinstein, 2005; Sayette, 1993) and the increase of positive affect (Cox & Klinger, 1988; Selby, Nock, & Kranzler, 2014).”
BackgroundThe stress–response-dampening effects of placebo
Balodis, I. M., Wynne-Edwards, K. E., & Olmstead, M. C. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.01.004 · Cited by 39
“Factors such as the nature of the stress manipulation and whether alcohol is administered before or after the stressor may explain some of these differences but no one explanation can fully account for the ambivalent findings (Josephs and Steele, 1990; Sayette, 1993).”
Alcohol Affects the Brain's Resting-State Network in Social Drinkers
Lithari, C. D., Klados, M. A., Pappas, C., Albani, M., Καπουκρανίδου, Δ., Kovatsi, L., Bamidis, P. D., & Papadelis, C. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048641 · Cited by 44
Cheong, J., & Nagoshi, C. (1999) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(98)00036-6 · Cited by 42
Women's Social Behavior When Meeting New Men: The Influence of Alcohol and Childhood Sexual Abuse
Parks, K. A., Hequembourg, A. L., & Dearing, R. L. (2008) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00419.x · Cited by 38
“Alternatively, Sayette (1993) proposed an appraisal-disruption model that would suggest women with a history of CSA who consumed the higher dose of alcohol (as compared to those who consumed the low dose of alcohol) failed to appraise the interaction with a just-met male as stressful (i.”
BackgroundPadula, C. B., Simmons, A. N., Matthews, S. C., Robinson, S. K., Tapert, S. F., Schuckit, M. A., & Paulus, M. P. (2011) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agr066 · Cited by 41
Cisler, J. M., Amstadter, A. B., Begle, A. M., Resnick, H. S., Danielson, C. K., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.006 · Cited by 38
Emotion and Health: An overview
Pandey, R., & Choubey, A. K. (2010) · Cited by 37
Hoaken, P. N. S., Campbell, T. S., Stewart, S. H., & Pihl, R. O. (2003) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg022 · Cited by 37
“They also demonstrated patterns of physiological arousal indicative of psychostimulation in response to alcohol alone, and patterns indicative of SRD when intoxicated and faced with a provocative situation.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAlcohol use, related problems and psychological health in college students
Perera, B., Torabi, M., & Kay, N. S. (2011) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh.2011.006 · Cited by 34
Craissati, J., & Beech, A. T. (2006) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.02.009 · Cited by 36
Hansen, S., Fahlke, C., Gordh, A. S., & Hȧrd, E. (1995) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02245632 · Cited by 36
“This finding raises the possibility that the increased alcohol consumption that can be observed during stress (Pohorecky 198t; Higley et al. 1991; Sayette 1993) is partly mediated by enhanced levels of corticosterone.”
BackgroundCraig, L., Attwood, A. S., Benton, C. P., Penton‐Voak, I. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108092126 · Cited by 35
“The appraisal-disruption model, for example, proposes that alcohol serves to interfere with the interpretation of stressful information (Sayette, 1993) such that alcohol consumption should result in decreased sensitivity to negative emotional expressions.”
MethodResultInfluentialEffects of Alcohol on Risk-Seeking Behavior: A Group-Level Analysis.
Sayette, M. A., Kirchner, T., Moreland, R. L., Levine, J. M., & Travis, T. (2004) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.18.2.190 · Cited by 35
The effects of alcohol on the emotional displays of Whites in interracial groups.
Fairbairn, C. E., Sayette, M. A., Levine, J. M., Cohn, J. F., & Creswell, K. G. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0030934 · Cited by 33
“While alcohol is popularly believed to relieve stress, a large body of research indicates that the relationship between alcohol consumption and negative emotion varies depending on the source of discomfort (Sayette, 1993; Steele & Josephs, 1990).”
BackgroundExperimentally induced anxiety attenuates alcohol-related aggression in men.
Phillips, J. P., & Giancola, P. R. (2008) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.16.1.43 · Cited by 34
Alcohol Problems among a Community Sample: Longitudinal Influences of Stress, Coping, and Gender
Johnson, V. L., & Pandina, R. J. (2000) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826080009148416 · Cited by 34
Giancola, P. R. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00099.x · Cited by 33
Impulse Buying in Restaurant Food Consumption
Miao, L., & Mattila, A. S. (2013) · Journal of Foodservice Business Research · doi:10.1080/15378020.2013.850379 · Cited by 33
“Affect regulation results in indulging oneself in what is normally under self-control (Sayette, 1993; Zillmann, 1988).”
BackgroundAttwood, A. S., Ataya, A. F., Benton, C. P., Penton‐Voak, I. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1463-1 · Cited by 33
“1988)—in particular, alcohol’s disruption of pre-frontal processes that control executive function have been implicated in mediating the alcohol–aggression relationship (Giancola 2000, 2004) by inducing deficits in the encoding and appraisal of new information (Sayette 1993).”
BackgroundEmployee Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use: Scope, Causes, and Organizational Consequences
Frone, M. R. (2008) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849200448.n28 · Cited by 34
Bernerth, J. B., & Walker, H. J. (2020) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601120917590 · Cited by 12
“In essence, by constraining the spread of negative thoughts (Sayette, 1993), employees are left to relax and recover.”
BackgroundAlcohol Expectancies and Alcohol Use Frequency: Does Drinking Context Matter?
Ham, L. S., Zamboanga, B. L., Bridges, A. J., Casner, H. G., & Bacon, A. K. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9493-0 · Cited by 37
“This notion is consistent with the appraisal-disruption model of alcohol use which asserts that alcohol’s tension-reducing effects are limited when appraisal of a stressor precedes alcohol consumption compared to stressors appraised after becoming intoxicated (Sayette 1993).”
ResultFronk, G. E., Sant'Ana, S. J. K., Kaye, J. T., & Curtin, J. J. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-102419-125016 · Cited by 36
“Sayette (1993) established that stressor appraisal is a key moderator of the stress response–dampening effects of acute alcohol administration, but appraisal processes are not routinely measured when studying stress allostasis or stress-induced drug use in individuals with SUDs.”
BackgroundCervone, D., Caldwell, T., Fiori, M., Orom, H., Shadel, W., Kassel, J. D., & Artistico, D. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00510.x · Cited by 34
Effects of alcohol on the processing of social threat‐related stimuli in socially phobic women
Gerlach, A. L., Schiller, A., Wild, C., & Rist, F. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x49862 · Cited by 32
“Sayette (1993b) argues that ‘alcohol disrupts initial appraisal of stressful information by constraining the spread of activation of associated information previously established in long-term memory’ ( p. 247).”
BackgroundInfluentialKaye, J. T., Bradford, D. E., Magruder, K. P., & Curtin, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.353 · Cited by 29
“Sayette (1993) has carefully documented that alcohol stress response dampening occurs in the laboratory when threats are not adequately appraised.”
BackgroundEffect of stress on perceived intoxication and the blood alcohol curve in men and women.
Breslin, F. C., Mayward, M., & Baum, A. E. (1994) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.13.6.479 · Cited by 30
Alcohol and Aggression: Perspectives on Controlled and Uncontrolled Social Information Processing
Bègue, L., & Subra, B. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00051.x · Cited by 30
“Sayette, M. A., Wilson, G. T., & Elias, M. J. (1993). Alcohol and aggression: A social information processing analysis.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Neuronal Activation at Different Levels of Cognitive Load
Gundersen, H. S., Grüner, R., Specht, K., & Hugdahl, K. (2008) · The Open Neuroimaging Journal · doi:10.2174/1874440000802010065 · Cited by 30
“Weakening of attention, rehearsal and response inhibition are well-known aspects of impaired cognitive performance following alcohol intoxication [8-10].”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial Rejection and Alcohol Use in Daily Life
Laws, H. B., Ellerbeck, N. E., Rodrigues, A. S., Simmons, J. A., & Ansell, E. B. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13347 · Cited by 30
Stress and Intimate Partner Aggression
Eckhardt, C. I., & Parrott, D. J. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.09.005 · Cited by 24
“However, support for the notion that alcohol intoxication invariably decreases stress is equivocal [31,32], leading to the advancement of Eckhardt and Parrott Page 4”
BackgroundStapinski, L. A., Rapee, R. M., Sannibale, C., Teesson, M., Haber, P., & Baillie, A. (2014) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.05.004 · Cited by 29
Behavioural indicators of motives for barroom aggression: Implications for preventing bar violence
Graham, K., Bernards, S., Wells, S. L., Osgood, D. W., Abbey, A., Felson, R. B., & Saltz, R. F. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00252.x · Cited by 29
“Furthermore, the identification of ‘real’ motives is complicated by the presence of alcohol, which likely impairs not only the actor’s ability to communicate his or her true motive, but also his/her ability to interpret correctly the motives of others [39] or even to assess and remember stressful situations accurately…”
Alcohol dose effects on stress response to cued threat vary by threat intensity
Moberg, C. A., Weber, S. M., & Curtin, J. J. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2304-6 · Cited by 27
“Sayette (1993) reported that larger SRD effects are typically observed in the laboratory when stressors are appraised following alcohol consumption.”
InfluentialThe effects of alcohol and dosage-set on risk-seeking behavior in groups and individuals.
Sayette, M. A., Dimoff, J. D., Levine, J. M., Moreland, R. L., & Votruba‐Drzal, E. (2011) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0023903 · Cited by 28
“…cannot be reliably executed, however, when even a moderate dose of alcohol is administered (because it is hard to convince a participant who just received four or five drinks in a 20-min period that he or she was in a no-alcohol control condition) (Hull & Bond, 1986; Martin & Sayette, 1993).”
InfluentialMotivational Effects of Alcohol on Memory Consolidation and Heart Rate in Social Drinkers
Bruce, K. R., Shestowsky, J. S., Mayerovitch, J. I., & Pihl, R. O. (1999) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04171.x · Cited by 28
Zvolensky, M. J., Kotov, R., Antipova, A. V., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2004) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.05.025 · Cited by 27
To wait or not to wait? Improving results when interviewing intoxicated witnesses to violence
Karlén, M. H., af Hjelmsäter, E. R., Fahlke, C., Granhag, P. A., & Gordh, A. S. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12345 · Cited by 26
Tovmasyan, A., Monk, R., Sawicka, I., & Heim, D. (2022) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2022.2082300 · Cited by 22
College Men’s and Women’s Respective Perceptions of Risk to Perpetrate or Experience Sexual Assault
Untied, A. S., Orchowski, L. M., & Lazar, V. (2013) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801213498216 · Cited by 26
“Alcohol may increase risk for sexually aggressive behavior by reducing men’s tension (Sayette, 1993), decreasing men’s attention to inhibitory cues (Steele & Josephs, 1990), and narrowing men’s attention to the short-term rewards of aggression (Taylor & Chermack, 1993).”
BackgroundAnger and impulsivity in non-clinical women
Milligan, R., & Waller, G. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00110-0 · Cited by 26
Clum, G. A., Nishith, P., & Calhoun, K. S. (2002) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1016255929315 · Cited by 26
“Further, based on Sayette’s appraisal-disruption model, we hypothesized that perceptions of severity would mediate the relationship between alcohol use during trauma and peritraumatic emotional and physical reactions, that is, alcohol would affect physical and emotional reactions indirectly through its impact on perce…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Influence of Alcohol Intake and Alcohol Expectations on the Recognition of Emotions
Walter, N. T., Mutic, S., Markett, S. A., Montag, C., Klein, A. M., & Reuter, M. (2011) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agr082 · Cited by 25
“Due to the partially conflicting results whether alcohol intake increases or decreases the recognition of anger this hypothesis remains non-directional.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAlcohol and Emotion: Insights and Directives From Affective Science.
Curtin, J. J., & Lang, A. R. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11562-009 · Cited by 27
“which appraisal of that information can be disrupted ( Sayette, 1993 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialRisks of alcohol consumption in laboratory studies involving human research participants.
Wood, M. D., & Sher, K. J. (2000) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.14.4.328 · Cited by 25
Alcohol breeds empty goal commitments.
Sevincer, A. T., & Oettingen, G. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016199 · Cited by 25
“…& Fong, 1995), social inferences (Herzog, 1999), social anxiety (DeBoer, Schippers, & van der Staak, 1993), appraisal of stressful information (Sayette, 1993), anticipation of consequences (Sayette, Wilson, & Elias, 1993), as well as response generation and selection (Bartholow, Dickter, &…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBresin, K. (2019) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000516 · Cited by 26
A Participant Walks Into a Bar…
Hales, A. H., Williams, K. D., & Eckhardt, C. I. (2015) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000235 · Cited by 24
Drunk, but not blind: The effects of alcohol intoxication on change blindness
Colflesh, G. J. H., & Wiley, J. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.01.001 · Cited by 27
“After completing the first task set, participants in the alcohol administration group followed the established methods of Sayette et al. (1994). They received a drink containing 1 part 100-proof Smirnoff vodka and 2.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAlcohol Selectively Reduces Brain Activity During the Affective Processing of Negative Information
Franken, I. H. A., Nijs, I. M. T., Muris, P., & Strien, J. W. V. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00424.x · Cited by 24
Effects of Hostility on Alcohol Stress‐Response‐Dampening
Zeichner, A., Giancola, P. R., & Allen, J. D. (1995) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb00977.x · Cited by 24
Fragile Self-Esteem and Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences Among College Student Drinkers
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Stubbs, W. J., & Madson, M. B. (2013) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.5.546 · Cited by 26
“For example, it has been suggested that individuals who experience stress response dampening—or a reduction in negative arousal states—as a result of using alcohol are likely to increase their frequency and quantity of consumption when faced with these arousal states (Sayette, 1993; Sher, 1987).”
BackgroundResultFairbairn, C. E. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000264 · Cited by 23
“To discover relevant studies not identified by formal searches, I also scanned the reference sections of several studies and review articles (e.g., Bushman & Cooper, 1990; Hull & Bond, 1986; Newlin & Thomson, 1990; Sayette, 1993; Steele & Southwick, 1985).”
MethodWhen the Frame Paints the Picture
Lannutti, P. J., & Monahan, J. L. (2002) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650202029004002 · Cited by 22
“If so, it is not surprising that frame relevance would decrease as a function of alcohol consumption because drinking alcohol has often been associated with reductions in anxiety (Hull, 1981, 1987; Josephs & Steele, 1990; Monahan & Lannutti, 2000; Sayette, 1993; Steele, Southwick, & Pagano, 1986).”
BackgroundGiancola, P. R. (2006) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.015 · Cited by 22
Li, G., Chen, Y., Chaudhary, S., Tang, X., & Li, C.-S. R. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.06.001 · Cited by 22
Stevens, S., Cludius, B., Bantin, T., Hermann, C., & Gerlach, A. L. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.12.004 · Cited by 23
The Effects of Alcohol on Safety Behaviors in Socially Anxious Individuals
Battista, S. R., MacDonald, D., & Stewart, S. H. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.10.1074 · Cited by 21
“, prior to consuming alcohol), which according to Sayette’s (1993a) appraisal disruption model, would result in alcohol not having a dampening effect on state social anxiety.”
BackgroundMethodTomko, R. L., Saladin, M. E., McClure, E. A., Squeglia, L. M., Carpenter, M. J., Tiffany, S. T., Baker, N. L., & Gray, K. M. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4472-x · Cited by 21
“Sayette (1993) proposed that when alcohol use precedes the onset of a stressor, alcohol interferes with activation of associated learning networks and prevents negative appraisal of a stressor (i.e., appraisal-disruption model).”
Covid-19 lockdown and wine consumption frequency in Portugal and Spain
Rebelo, J. F., Compés, R., Faria, S., Gonçalves, T. M. V., Pinilla, V., & Simón-Elorz, K. (2021) · Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5424/sjar/2021192r-17697 · Cited by 21
Brain modifications after acute alcohol consumption analyzed by resting state fMRI
Spagnolli, F., Cerini, R., Cardobi, N., Barillari, M., Manganotti, P., Storti, S. F., & Mucelli, R. P. (2013) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2013.04.007 · Cited by 23
“performance on a wide variety of tasks, such as executive functions [32–34] working (visuo-spatial and verbal) and episodic memory elaborations [35,36] and self-referential processing [37–43].”
BackgroundCollins, S. E., Taylor, E. M., Jones, C. B., Haelsig, L., Grazioli, V. S., Mackelprang, J. L., Holttum, J., Koker, M. J., Hatsukami, A. S., Baker, M., et al. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1322406 · Cited by 21
“The important role of drinking to cope with stress, particularly in social situations, is well-established in the stressresponse dampening literature (Marlatt, 1987; Sayette, 1993; Sher, 1987).”
BackgroundEffects of stress, alcohol prime dose, and sex on ad libitum drinking.
Patock‐Peckham, J. A., Corbin, W. R., Smyth, H. L., Canning, J. R., Ruof, A. K., & Williams, J. G. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000801 · Cited by 19
Stevens, S., Cooper, R., Bantin, T., Hermann, C., & Gerlach, A. L. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.04.008 · Cited by 19
Monahan, J. L., Murphy, S. T., & Miller, L. C. (1999) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00386.x · Cited by 19
“In addition, people tend to overestimate their knowledge and abilities and alcohol exacerbates this propensity (Sayette, 1993).”
BackgroundVenerable, W. J., & Fairbairn, C. E. (2020) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000567 · Cited by 17
“…effects within the context of stress (Greeley & Oei, 1999; Stritzke et al., 1996), and still others take a cognitive approach, hypothesizing that alcohol’s emotional rewards can be understood through examining alcohol-related cognitive impairment (Hull, 1981; Sayette, 1993; Steele & Josephs, 1990).”
BackgroundShoal, G. D., Castaneda, J. O., & Giancola, P. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.005 · Cited by 19
Stress for Success: Potential Benefits of Perceived and Actual Stress While Cruising
Petrick, J. F., Markert, C., & Sasangohar, F. (2020) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287520966377 · Cited by 18
“…were extremely likely to be consuming alcohol during their cruise, and that alcohol has consistently been found to have an effect on stress levels (Sayette 1993), it is proposed: Hypothesis 6: The more intoxicated individuals perceive they are, the higher their perceived (hypothesis 6a) and…”
BackgroundCollins, S. E., Kirouac, M., Taylor, E. M., Spelman, P. J., Grazioli, V. S., Hoffman, G., Haelsig, L., Holttum, J., Kanagawa, A., Nehru, M., et al. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0036354 · Cited by 17
“The important role of drinking to cope with stress and social situations is well-known in the stress-response dampening literature (Marlatt, 1987; Sayette, 1993; Sher, 1987), and has been acknowledged among college students as well (Backer-Fulghum, Patock-Peckham, King, Roufa, & Hagen, 2012;…”
BackgroundGomez, J., Orchowski, L. M., Pearlman, D. N., & Zlotnick, C. (2019) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2018.0023 · Cited by 20
“Taken together, reductions in tension/anxiety (Sayette 1993), impulse control (Giancola 2000; Sher et al. 1996), as well as impairments in judgment and decision making (Curtin and Fairchild 2003) can make it difficult to process and respond to complex cues in the environment (Steele and Josephs…”
BackgroundAcute effects of alcohol on memory: Impact of emotional context and serial position
Brown, J., Brignell, C. M., Dhiman, S. K., Curran, H. V., & Kamboj, S. K. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.12.010 · Cited by 17
“Sayette (1993) suggests that alcohol dampens the stress response by disrupting the initial appraisal of stressful information.”
BackgroundInfluentialLiquid Courage or Liquid Fear: Alcohol Intoxication and Anxiety Facilitate Physical Aggression
Parrott, D. J., Gallagher, K. E., & Zeichner, A. (2012) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.667182 · Cited by 17
“Thus, to the extent that post-threat alcohol consumption facilitates state anxiety (Sayette, 1993), Berkowitz’s theory (1990, 1993) suggests that the likelihood of aggressive behavior would increase.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChanges in Substance Use during Times of Stress: College Students the Week before Exams
Noel, N. E., & Cohen, D. J. (1997) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/1yg0-lxfk-mu18-u0kt · Cited by 17
Eastwood, A., Penton‐Voak, I. S., Munafo, M. R., & Attwood, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120922951 · Cited by 16
“reduced anxiety and increased approach tendencies) (Sayette, 1993) and the perception of socially relevant cues associated with aggression (i.”
BackgroundMixing Misery and Gin: The Effect of Alcohol Administration on Ostracism Response
Fairbairn, C. E., Creswell, K. G., Hales, A. H., Williams, K. D., & Wilkins, K. V. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211038450 · Cited by 16
“Importantly, the dose of alcohol administered across these three studies was sufficient to cause significant impairment across a range of domains, including reasoning, perception, and appraisal processes (Calhoun et al., 2004; Curtin & Fairchild, 2003; Kirchner & Sayette, 2003; Sayette, 1993) and, contrary to prior st…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZimmermann, U. S., Buchmann, A. F., Spring, C., Uhr, M., Holsboer, F., & Wïttchen, H. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.015 · Cited by 16
“In the context of hypotheses referring to alcohol-induced tension-reduction (Conger, 1956) or appraisal disruption (Sayette, 1993), this might comprise another mechanism of risk.”
A Processing Model of Emotion Regulation: Insights from the Attachment System
Hwang, J.-E. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/1059892 · Cited by 16
Walter, N. T., & Bayen, U. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4110-z · Cited by 15
“Generally speaking, we explain this result with the reduction in negative affect (e.g., Bartholow et al. 2012; Sayette 1993; Sher et al. 2007).”
BackgroundDrinking and Thinking: Alcohol Effects on Post-event Processing in Socially Anxious Individuals
Battista, S. R., Pencer, A. H., & Stewart, S. H. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9574-8 · Cited by 21
“It is also possible that alcohol may interfere with the appraisal of the social situation as threatening (Sayette 1993) or with laying down a memory trace of the event (Mintzer 2007), both of which could then result in less post-event processing after the event.”
BackgroundThe effects of alcohol on positive emotion during a comedy routine: A facial coding analysis.
Sayette, M. A., Creswell, K. G., Fairbairn, C. E., Dimoff, J. D., Bentley, K., & Lazerus, T. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000451 · Cited by 16
“Unlike all but one of the prior studies, this three-group design allowed us to contrast two nonalcohol conditions that differed only in dosage-set (i.e., whether or not participants are told they are drinking alcohol, see Martin & Sayette, 1993).”
InfluentialImpact of Acute Alcohol Consumption on Sexuality: A Look at Psychological Mechanisms
George, W. H., Blayney, J. A., & Davis, K. C. (2024) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-075423 · Cited by 16
Raymond, J. S., Wilson, B. B., Tan, O., Gururajan, A., & Bowen, M. T. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05335-8 · Cited by 15
“The notion that alcohol serves as a social lubricant is pervasive (Fairbairn and Sayette 2014; Goodman et al. 2018); this attitude can be found crossculturally (MacAndrew and Edgerton 1969) and is widely reported by the general public, clinicians and researchers alike (Sayette 1993).”
BackgroundSexual Attitudes Moderate the Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Women’s Risk Judgments
Yeater, E. A., Treat, T. A., Viken, R. J., & Lenberg, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515604414 · Cited by 15
Drinking behaviors by stress level in Korean university students
Chung, H.-K., & Lee, H. (2012) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2012.6.2.146 · Cited by 15
“Savette attributed this phenomenon to the effects of alcohol on cognitive processes, resulting in relief of social anxiety, and suggested “an appraisal disruption model” [43].”
BackgroundAcute alcohol effects on facial expressions of emotions in social drinkers: a systematic review
Capito, E. S., Lautenbacher, S., & Horn‐Hofmann, C. (2017) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s146918 · Cited by 16
A Two-Way Street for Alcohol Use and Partner Violence: Who’s Driving It?
Lipsky, S., Kernic, M. A., Qiu, Q., Wright, C., & Hasin, D. S. (2014) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9635-0 · Cited by 16
Emotion concepts in models of substance abuse
Quirk, S. W. (2001) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230125185 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Sayette, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sayette, Michael A.
- ORCID
- Sayette, Michael A.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 459-476
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1998465194
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- alcohol, stress response, social drinkers, stress appraisal, long-term memory, information dissemination, alcohol effects on cognition
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Cognition, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality, Stress, Psychological
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