Cited by 321Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsStress Responses and Cortisol

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An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol’s effects on stress responses in social drinkers

Sayette, Michael A.·1993·Psychological Bulletin

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Abstract

This article reviews the effects of alcohol on stress responses among social drinkers. Despite considerable research, the relationship between alcohol and stress has remained unclear. An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol's effects on stress responses is proposed, which attempts to integrate many divergent findings. According to this model, alcohol disrupts initial appraisal of stressful information by constraining the spread of activation of associated information previously established in long-term memory. The conditions under which such disruption is likely to occur are outlined. Evidence relevant to each of the model's propositions is considered. It is concluded that the appraisal-disruption model provides a framework for integrating many of the findings from past investigations. Theoretical issues pertinent to the model are addressed.

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“…aforementioned interpretation of the present findings is consistent with numerous theoretical models of alcohol use, which broadly posit that alcohol dampens negative affect via disruption of attention and appraisal processes (Curtin et al. 2001; Hull 1987; Steele and Josephs 1990; Sayette 1993).”
Result
Reasons for alcohol use in young adulthood: validation of a three-dimensional measure.
Labouvie, E. W., & Bates, M. E. (2002) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.145 · Cited by 70
Implicit and Explicit Alcohol-Related Cognitions
Wiers, R. W. H. J., Stacy, A. W., Ames, S. L., Noll, J. A., Sayette, M. A., Zack, M. H., & Krank, M. D. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02441.x · Cited by 65
“The appraisal-disruption model proposed that alcohol impairs the organization of information by interfering with associative recall processes (Sayette, 1993).”
Background
Person and Environment Predictors of Blood Alcohol Concentrations: A Multi‐Level Study of College Parties
Clapp, J. D., Min, J. W., Shillington, A. M., Reed, M. B., & Croff, J. M. (2007) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00547.x · Cited by 65
Stress and alcohol drinking
Sillaber, I., & Henniger, M. S. H. (2004) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890410018862 · Cited by 65
How Bad Could It Be? Alcohol Dampens Stress Responses to Threat of Uncertain Intensity
Bradford, D. E., Shapiro, B. L., & Curtin, J. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613499923 · Cited by 86
“…uncertainty is a broadly relevant threat characteristic regardless of the source of the uncertainty and begins to implicate higher-level cognitive processes, including appraisal and attention that may be involved in response to uncertain threats generally (Curtin et al., 2001; Sayette, 1993).”
Background
Evaluation of a depression-related model of alcohol problems in 430 probands from the San Diego prospective study
Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., & Chacko, Y. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.09.006 · Cited by 63
DRD4 Polymorphism Moderates the Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Social Bonding
Creswell, K. G., Sayette, M. A., Manuck, S. B., Ferrell, R. E., Hill, S. Y., & Dimoff, J. D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028914 · Cited by 62
“Without considering social context, it is unsurprising that investigators have struggled to reliably explain the reinforcing effects of alcohol [25] or genetic mechanisms underlying these effects [26].”
Background
Gender differences and similarities in the personality correlates of adolescent alcohol problems.
Martin, C. S., Lynch, K. G., Pollock, N. K., & Clark, D. B. (2000) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037//0893-164x.14.2.121 · Cited by 62
The effect of alcohol on emotional inertia: A test of alcohol myopia.
Fairbairn, C. E., & Sayette, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032980 · Cited by 61
“Over the past quarter century this work has evolved to incorporate a variety of cognitive constructs to explain the link between alcohol consumption and emotional experience (cf. Hull, 1987; Sayette, 1993).”
BackgroundMethod
Self-regulation and its failure: The seven deadly threats to self-regulation.
Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2014) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14341-026 · Cited by 66
“The idea is that negative affect is frequently paired with substance use, which leads many dieters and drinkers to believe that indulging will relieve their negative affect (Sayette, 1993).”
Background
Forget "drinking to forget": Enhanced consolidation of emotionally charged memory by alcohol.
Bruce, K. R., & Pihl, R. O. (1997) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.5.3.242 · Cited by 59
Effects of alcohol intoxication and aggressivity on aggressive verbalizations during anger arousal
Eckhardt, C. I., & Crane, C. A. (2008) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20249 · Cited by 57
Irrational Beliefs and Behavioral Misregulation in the Role of Alcohol Abuse Among College Students
Hutchinson, G. T., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., Cheong, J., & Nagoshi, C. T. (1998) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1024950407778 · Cited by 56
“As noted in the introduction, stress-alcohol abuse models have yielded inconsistent results ( Sayette, 1993 ).”
Result
A multimodal investigation of contextual effects on alcohol’s emotional rewards.
Fairbairn, C. E., Bresin, K., Kang, D., Rosen, I. G., Ariss, T., Luczak, S. E., Barnett, N. P., & Eckland, N. S. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000346 · Cited by 54
“Perhaps partially because of the challenges surrounding the assessment of alcohol’s effects in everyday contexts, researchers have often chosen to examine the acute effects of alcohol on emotion in laboratory settings (Sayette, 1993; Sher, Wood, Richardson, & Jackson, 2005).”
Workplace drinking climate, stress, and problem indicators: assessing the influence of teamwork (group cohesion).
Bennett, J. B., & Lehman, W. E. K. (1998) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1998.59.608 · Cited by 56
Alcohol stress response dampening during imminent versus distal, uncertain threat.
Hefner, K. R., Moberg, C. A., Hachiya, L. Y., & Curtin, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033407 · Cited by 56
“Similarly, Sayette (1993) suggested that alcohol SRD occurs in contexts where threats would not be adequately appraised due to the nature and timing of these threats relative to when the individual started drinking.”
The effects of alcohol and alcohol expectancies on subjective reports and physiological reactivity
McKay, D., & Schare, M. L. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(99)00021-0 · Cited by 55
The stress-response dampening hypothesis: How self-esteem and stress act as mechanisms between negative parental bonds and alcohol-related problems in emerging adulthood
Backer-Fulghum, L. M., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., King, K. M., Roufa, L., & Hagen, L. (2011) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.12.012 · Cited by 54
A Critical Review of Laboratory-Based Studies Examining the Relationships of Social Anxiety and Alcohol Intake
Battista, S. R., Stewart, S. H., & Ham, L. S. (2010) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473711003010003 · Cited by 54
“In addition to personality and individual difference variables, a number of other theories have also considered how cognitive factors may play a role in the relationship between alcohol and anxiety reduction namely, the SelfAwareness Model of alcohol [44], the Attention Allocation Model [45], and the Appraisal-Disrupt…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Bidirectional Interactions Between Acute Psychosocial Stress and Acute Intravenous Alcohol in Healthy Men
Childs, E., O’Connor, S., & de Wit, H. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01522.x · Cited by 54
“Previously, others reported that alcohol dampened subjective emotional responses in anticipation of a stressor (Conrod et al., 1998; Finn et al., 1990), however it is not clear whether this effect was due to the influence of alcohol upon perception of the stressor (Sayette, 1993).”
Background
How gene–stress–behavior interactions can promote adolescent alcohol use: The roles of predrinking allostatic load and childhood behavior disorders
Zimmermann, U. S., Blomeyer, D., Laucht, M., & Mann, K. F. (2006) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.024 · Cited by 53
Beyond stress and arousal: A reconceptualization of alcohol-emotion relations with reference to psychophysiological methods.
Stritzke, W. G. K., Lang, A. R., & Patrick, C. J. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.376 · Cited by 52
Alcohol stress response dampening: selective reduction of anxiety in the face of uncertain threat
Hefner, K. R., & Curtin, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111416691 · Cited by 74
“Similarly, Sayette (1993) suggested that alcohol reduces negative emotional response in contexts where threats would not be adequately appraised due to the nature and timing of these threats.”
Bullying Perpetration and Victimization as Externalizing and Internalizing Pathways: A Retrospective Study Linking Parenting Styles and Self-Esteem to Depression, Alcohol Use, and Alcohol-Related Problems
Luk, J. W., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., Medina, M., Terrell, N., Belton, D. A., & King, K. M. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1090453 · Cited by 50
“by parents or peers (Marlatt, 1987; Sayette, 1993; Sher, 1987).”
Effects of alcohol on ratings of emotional facial expressions in social phobics
Stevens, S., Gerlach, A. L., & Rist, F. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.09.007 · Cited by 48
“Based on network theories of memory (Bower, 1981), the ‘‘appraisal–disruption model’’ by Sayette (1993) proposes an indirect influence of alcohol on anxiety by influencing cognitive processes.”
Background
Executive functioning, irritability, and alcohol-related aggression.
Godlaski, A. J., & Giancola, P. R. (2009) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0016582 · Cited by 50
Mood and drinking: a naturalistic diary study of alcohol, coffee and tea
Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050839 · Cited by 47
“…was inspired by the tension-reduction hypothesis, but this has been superseded by more complex models in which cognitive factors such as appraisals, expectancies and beliefs about the effects of alcohol interact with basic activation systems (Pohorecky 1991; Sayette 1993; Stritzke et al. 1996).”
Method
Parental history of alcohol abuse and the effects of alcohol and expectations of intoxication on social stress.
Sayette, M. A., Breslin, F. C., Wilson, G. T., & Rosenblum, G. D. (1994) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1994.55.214 · Cited by 47
An evaluation of the balanced placebo design in alcohol administration research
Sayette, M. A., Breslin, F. C., Wilson, G. T., & Rosenblum, G. D. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90034-5 · Cited by 46
Effects of alcohol on controlled and automatic memory processes.
Kirchner, T., & Sayette, M. A. (2003) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.2.167 · Cited by 46
“Similarly, individual differences related to drinking history and personality might also moderate effects of alcohol on cognition (Sayette, 1993; Sher, Trull, Bartholow, & Vieth, 1999).”
BackgroundResultInfluential

Authors: Sayette, M. A.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: Sayette, Michael A.
ORCID: Sayette, Michael A.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1993
Volume: 114
Issue: 3
Pages: 459-476
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.459
OpenAlex: W1998465194
Cited by: 320
References: 150
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 4.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: alcohol, stress response, social drinkers, stress appraisal, long-term memory, information dissemination, alcohol effects on cognition
MeSH terms: Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Cognition, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Personality, Stress, Psychological

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An appraisal-disruption model of alcohol’s effects on stress responses in social drinkers

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