Cited by 2,429Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorPersonality Traits and PsychologyAesthetic Perception and Analysis

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Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review

Langlois, Judith H., Kalakanis, Lisa, Rubenstein, Adam J., Larson, Andrea, Hallam, Monica, Smoot, Monica·2000·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390

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Abstract

Common maxims about beauty suggest that attractiveness is not important in life. In contrast, both fitness-related evolutionary theory and socialization theory suggest that attractiveness influences development and interaction. In 11 meta-analyses, the authors evaluate these contradictory claims, demonstrating that (a) raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures; (b) attractive children and adults are judged more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; (c) attractive children and adults are treated more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; and (d) attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults. Results are used to evaluate social and fitness-related evolutionary theories and the veracity of maxims about beauty.

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Background

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Authors: Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 126
Issue: 3
Pages: 390-423
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390
OpenAlex: W2088165831
Cited by: 2,429
References: 297
Citations by year: 2026: 84 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 148 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 126 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 129 · 2012: 138
FWCI: 20.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD021332)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Keywords: physical attractiveness, beauty, attractiveness judgments, evolutionary psychology, socialization theory
MeSH terms: Adult, Animals, Beauty, Child, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Perception

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Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review

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