The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application.
Abstract
The authors describe a theoretical framework for understanding when people interacting with a member of a stereotyped group activate that group's stereotype and apply it to that person. It is proposed that both stereotype activation and stereotype application during interaction depend on the strength of comprehension and self-enhancement goals that can be satisfied by stereotyping one's interaction partner and on the strength of one's motivation to avoid prejudice. The authors explain how these goals can promote and inhibit stereotype activation and application, and describe diverse chronic and situational factors that can influence the intensity of these goals during interaction and, thereby, influence stereotype activation and application. This approach permits integration of a broad range of findings on stereotype activation and application.
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Citations
Cites
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317 · cited 1×
“Even when people are aware of the contents of such impressions, they may be unaware of the stereotypic influences that produced them (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977).”
BackgroundThe case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
Self-citationIllusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
On the psychology of prediction.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0034747 · Cited by 6,202
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
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The unbearable automaticity of being
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699 · cited 1×
“If people consistently pursue the same goal in a given situation, they may come to activate it automatically in that situation (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Mischel & Shoda, 1995).”
BackgroundThe Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Steele, C. M. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4 · Cited by 3,697
Cited by
Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations
Rudman, L. A., & Phelan, J. E. (2008) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.003 · Cited by 776
Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot.
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., Wittenbrink, B., Sadler, M. S., & Keesee, T. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1006 · Cited by 701
The White standard: racial bias in leader categorization
Rosette, A. S., Leonardelli, G. J., & Phillips, K. W. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.758 · Cited by 494
Bauer, N. M. (2015) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12186 · Cited by 377
Non‐conscious bias in medical decision making: what can be done to reduce it?
Stone, J., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2011) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04026.x · Cited by 247
Metadata
- Authors
- Kunda, Z., & Spencer, S. J.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 522-544
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2120745375
- Cited by
- 552
- References
- 26
- FWCI
- 52.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Kunda, Z., & Spencer, S. J. (2003). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.522
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
