Cited by 515Visual perception and processing mechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesPhilosophy and Theoretical Science

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 121 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery?

Kosslyn, Stephen M., Thompson, William L.·2003·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.723

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Although many neuroimaging studies of visual mental imagery have revealed activation in early visual cortex (Areas 17 or 18), many others have not. The authors review this literature and compare how well 3 models explain the disparate results. Each study was coded 1 or 0, indicating whether activation in early visual cortex was observed, and sets of variables associated with each model were fit to the observed results using logistic regression analysis. Three variables predicted all of the systematic differences in the probability of activation across studies. Two of these variables were identified with a perceptual anticipation theory, and the other was identified with a methodological factors theory. Thus, the variability in the literature is not random.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.723

Cites

117 of 117 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex
Felleman, D. J., & Van Essen, D. C. (1991) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/1.1.1 · Cited by 7,783
Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.
Biederman, I. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.115 · Cited by 5,621
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.
Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., & Turner, R. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675 · Cited by 4,212
Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging.
Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H., & Ugurbil, K. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.5951 · Cited by 3,681
Psychology as the behaviorist views it
Watson, J. B. (1913) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0074428 · Cited by 3,230
Storage and Executive Processes in the Frontal Lobes
Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5408.1657 · Cited by 2,834
Borders of Multiple Visual Areas in Humans Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Sereno, M. I., Dale, A. M., Reppas, J. B., Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Brady, T. J., Rosen, B. R., & Tootell, R. B. H. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7754376 · Cited by 2,663
Mental Rotations, a Group Test of Three-Dimensional Spatial Visualization
Vandenberg, S. G., & Kuse, A. R. (1978) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1978.47.2.599 · Cited by 2,620
Cognition and reality
Neisser, U. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,502
Ciba foundation symposium
(1964) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(64)90010-7 · Cited by 2,135
Human Associative Memory
Anderson, J. R., Bower, G. H., & Bower, G. H. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203780831 · Cited by 2,031
Image And Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate
Kosslyn, S. M. (1994) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3653.001.0001 · Cited by 1,977
Self-citation
Neural foundations of imagery
Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35090055 · Cited by 1,894
Self-citation
Image and Mind
Podgorny, P., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1982) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422671 · Cited by 1,832
Self-citation
Psychology as the behaviorist views it.
Watson, J. B. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.101.2.248 · Cited by 1,734
Reality monitoring.
Johnson, M. K., & Raye, C. L. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.88.1.67 · Cited by 1,658
Human associative memory
(1974) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(74)80111-5 · Cited by 1,429
Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate
Kosslyn, S. M. (1994) · Cited by 1,352
Self-citation
What the Mind’s Eye Tells the Mind’s Brain: A Critique of Mental Imagery
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1973) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1193-8_1 · Cited by 1,350
Area V5 of the Human Brain: Evidence from a Combined Study Using Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Watson, J. D. G., Myers, R., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Hajnal, J. V., Woods, R. P., Mazziotta, J. C., Shipp, S. D., & Zeki, S. (1993) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/3.2.79 · Cited by 1,235
Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery.
Anderson, J. R. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.4.249 · Cited by 1,232
What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: A critique of mental imagery.
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1973) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0034650 · Cited by 1,197
Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming
Maquet, P., Péters, J.-M., Aerts, J., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., & Franck, G. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383163a0 · Cited by 1,168
Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field
Thulborn, K. R., Waterton, J. C., Matthews, P. M., & Radda, G. K. (1982) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(82)90333-6 · Cited by 1,134
The imagery debate: Analogue media versus tacit knowledge.
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.88.1.16 · Cited by 1,099
Mental Imagery of Faces and Places Activates Corresponding Stimulus-Specific Brain Regions
O’Craven, K. M., & Kanwisher, N. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137549 · Cited by 1,078
A Symptom Provocation Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Using Positron Emission Tomography and Script-Driven Imagery
Rauch, S. L. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830050014003 · Cited by 1,056
Working Memory: A View from Neuroimaging
Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1997) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1997.0658 · Cited by 1,046
Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex?
Crick, F., & Koch, C. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/375121a0 · Cited by 932
Neuronal correlate of pictorial short-term memory in the primate temporal cortexYasushi Miyashita
Miyashita, Y., & Chang, H. S. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/331068a0 · Cited by 880
Memory's echo: vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex
Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.20.11125 · Cited by 865
Coding visual images of objects in the inferotemporal cortex of the macaque monkey
Tanaka, K., Saito, H., Fukada, Y., & Moriya, M. (1991) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1991.66.1.170 · Cited by 773
Mental imagery: In search of a theory
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000043 · Cited by 756
The Role of Area 17 in Visual Imagery: Convergent Evidence from PET and rTMS
Kosslyn, S. M., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Félician, O., Camposano, S. E., Keenan, J. P., L., W., Thompson, Ganis, G., Sukel, K. E., & Alpert, N. M. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.167 · Cited by 756
Self-citation
Topographical representations of mental images in primary visual cortex
Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Klm, I. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378496a0 · Cited by 701
Self-citation
Mapping of Contralateral Space in Retinotopic Coordinates by a Parietal Cortical Area in Humans
Sereno, M. I., Pitzalis, S., & Martinez, A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063695 · Cited by 682
Regional cerebral blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: A PET investigation
Shin, L. M., McNally, R. J., Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Rauch, S. L., Alpert, N. M., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.575 · Cited by 647
Self-citation
Visual Mental Imagery Activates Topographically Organized Visual Cortex: PET Investigations
Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Maljkovic, V., Weise, S. B., Chabris, C. F., Hamilton, S. E., Rauch, S. L., & Buonanno, F. S. (1993) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1993.5.3.263 · Cited by 643
Self-citation
Localization of cortical areas activated by thinking
Roland, P. E., & Friberg, L. (1985) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1985.53.5.1219 · Cited by 604
Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography
Maquet (2000) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00214.x · Cited by 581
Distributed Neural Systems for the Generation of Visual Images
Ishai, A., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00168-9 · Cited by 579
The constructive nature of vision: direct evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of apparent motion and motion imagery
Goebel, R., Khorram‐Sefat, D., Muckli, L., Hacker, H., & Singer, W. (1998) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00181.x · Cited by 570
Information representation in visual images
Kosslyn, S. M. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90015-8 · Cited by 566
Self-citation
Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Slow Wave Sleep
Maquet, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Aerts, J. J., Peters, J., Luxen, A., & Franck, G. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-08-02807.1997 · Cited by 512
Enhanced Detection of Focal Brain Responses Using Intersubject Averaging and Change-Distribution Analysis of Subtracted PET Images
Fox, P. T., Mintun, M. A., Reiman, E. M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1988.111 · Cited by 498
Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography
Aquet, P. I. M. (2000) · Cited by 496
Deoxyglucose Analysis of Retinotopic Organization in Primate Striate Cortex
Tootell, R. B. H., Silverman, M. S., Switkes, E., & Valois, R. L. D. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7134981 · Cited by 483
Mental navigation along memorized routes activates the hippocampus, precuneus, and insula
Ghaëm, O., Mellet, E., Crivello, F., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Mazoyer, B. M., Berthoz, A., & Denis, M. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199702100-00032 · Cited by 481
Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during human rapid eye movement sleep
Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J., Wesensten, N. J., Gwadry, F., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Belenky, G., & Herscovitch, P. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.279.5347.91 · Cited by 474
A functional MRI study of mental image generation
D’Esposito, M., Detre, J. A., Aguirre, G. K., Stallcup, M., Alsop, D. C., Tippet, L. J., & Farah, M. J. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00121-2 · Cited by 449
Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography
Fox, P. T., Mintun, M. A., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M., Allman, J. M., & Van Essen, D. C. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/323806a0 · Cited by 422
Imagery, propositions, and the form of internal representations
Kosslyn, S. M., & Pomerantz, J. R. (1977) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(77)90004-4 · Cited by 412
Self-citation
8. Imagery, Propositions, and the Form of Internal Representations
Kosslyn, S. M., & Pomerantz, J. R. (2014) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674594722.c12 · Cited by 397
Self-citation
Return of the mental image: are there really pictures in the brain?
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00003-2 · Cited by 376
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of synesthesia: activation of V4/V8 by spoken words
Nunn, J. A., Gregory, L. J., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S., Parslow, D. M., Morgan, M. J., Morris, R. G., Bullmore, E. T., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Gray, J. A. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn818 · Cited by 365
Functional MRI of human brain activation at high spatial resolution
Frahm, J., Merboldt, K., & Hänicke, W. (1993) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910290126 · Cited by 350
Revising the Visualizer-Verbalizer Dimension: Evidence for Two Types of Visualizers
Kozhevnikov, M., Hegarty, M., & Mayer, R. E. (2002) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci2001_3 · Cited by 344
Visual Imagery of Famous Faces: Effects of Memory and Attention Revealed by fMRI
Ishai, A. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1330 · Cited by 331
Does mental activity change the oxidative metabolism of the brain?
Roland, P. E., Eriksson, L., Stone‐Elander, S., & Widén, L. (1987) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 313
Are Theories of Imagery Theories of Imagination? An Active Perception Approach to Conscious Mental Content
Thomas, N. J. T. (1999) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2302_3 · Cited by 299
Activation of human primary visual cortex during visual recall: a magnetic resonance imaging study.
Bihan, D. L., Turner, R., Zeffiro, T. A., Cuénod, C. A., Jezzard, P., & Bonnerot, V. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11802 · Cited by 290
Brain mapping : the systems
Toga, A. W., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2000) · Cited by 275
Visual Memory, Visual Imagery, and Visual Recognition of Large Field Patterns by the Human Brain: Functional Anatomy by Positron Emission Tomography
Roland, P. E., & Gulyás, B. Z. (1995) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/5.1.79 · Cited by 272
Untitled work
(1997) · Cited by 270
Representation of Colors in the Blind, Color-Blind, and Normally Sighted
Shepard, R. N., & Cooper, L. A. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00006.x · Cited by 262
Functional Anatomy of Spatial Mental Imagery Generated from Verbal Instructions
Mellet, E., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Crivello, F., Joliot, M., Denis, M., & Mazoyer, B. M. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-20-06504.1996 · Cited by 261
Localization of brain function using magnetic resonance imaging
Cohen, M. S., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (1994) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90055-8 · Cited by 256
Measuring the visual angle of the mind's eye
Kosslyn, S. M. (1978) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(78)90004-x · Cited by 251
Self-citation
Tracking the Mind's Image in the Brain I
Formisano, E., Linden, D. E. J., Salle, F. D., Trojano, L., Esposito, F., Sack, A. T., Grossi, D., Zanella, F. E., & Goebel, R. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00747-x · Cited by 241
The Imagery Debate
Tye, M. (1991) · Cited by 231
Neural Correlates of Topographic Mental Exploration: The Impact of Route versus Survey Perspective Learning
Mellet, E., Bricogne, S., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Ghaëm, O., Petit, L., Zago, L., Etard, O., Berthoz, A., Mazoyer, B. M., & Denis, M. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0648 · Cited by 221
From retinotopy to recognition: fMRI in human visual cortex
Tootell, R. B. H., Hadjikhani, N. K., Mendola, J. D., Marrett, S., & Dale, A. M. (1998) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01171-1 · Cited by 214
Feedback connections and conscious vision
Bullier, J. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01730-7 · Cited by 207
Regional cerebral blood flow patterns in visual imagery
Goldenberg, G., Podreka, I., Steiner, M. M., Willmes, K., Suess, E., & Deecke, L. (1989) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90110-3 · Cited by 205
Intact visual imagery and impaired visual perception in a patient with visual agnosia.
Behrmann, M., Moscovitch, M., & Winocur, G. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.20.5.1068 · Cited by 176
Transient activity in the human calcarine cortex during visual–mental imagery: an event-related fMRI study
Klein, I., Paradis, A.-L., Poline, J.-B., Kosslyn, S. M., & Le Bihan, D. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900564037 · Cited by 175
Self-citation
Visual angle of the mind's eye before and after unilateral occipital lobectomy.
Farah, M. J., Soso, M. J., & Dasheiff, R. M. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.18.1.241 · Cited by 174
Human primary visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus activation during visual imagery
Chen, W., Kato, T., Zhu, X., Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., & Uǧurbil, K. (1998) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199811160-00019 · Cited by 169
Cortical anatomy of mental imagery of concrete nouns based on their dictionary definition
Mellet, E., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Denis, M., & Mazoyer, B. M. (1998) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199803300-00007 · Cited by 164
Cortical activation evoked by visual mental imagery as measured by fMRI
Knauff, M., Kassubek, J., Mulack, T., & Greenlee, M. W. (2000) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200012180-00011 · Cited by 157
Divergent feedback connections from areas V4 and TEO in the macaque
Rockland, K. S., Saleem, K. S., & Tanaka, K. (1994) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523800002480 · Cited by 154
Tracking the Mind's Image in the Brain II
Sack, A. T., Sperling, J. M., Prvulovic, D., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., Salle, F. D., Dierks, T., & Linden, D. E. J. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00745-6 · Cited by 153
Cortical blindness and visual imagery
Chatterjee, A. K., & Southwood, M. H. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.12.2189 · Cited by 148
Functional Anatomy of High-Resolution Visual Mental Imagery
Mellet, E., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Bricogne, S., Mazoyer, B. M., Kosslyn, S. M., & Denis, M. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137620 · Cited by 143
Self-citation
Neural effects of visualizing and perceiving aversive stimuli
Kosslyn, S. M., Shin, L. M., Thompson, W. L., McNally, R. J., Rauch, S. L., Pitman, R. K., & Alpert, N. M. (1996) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199607080-00007 · Cited by 140
Self-citation
Functional Anatomy of Reaching and Visuomotor Learning: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Kawashima, R., Roland, P. E., & O’Sullivan, B. T. (1995) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/5.2.111 · Cited by 138
Matching Two Imagined Clocks: the Functional Anatomy of Spatial Analysis in the Absence of Visual Stimulation
Trojano, L. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.5.473 · Cited by 120
A Positron Emission Tomography Study of Visual and Mental Spatial Exploration
Mellet, E., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Denis, M., & Mazoyer, B. M. (1995) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1995.7.4.433 · Cited by 110
Extraretinal modulation of cerebral blood flow in the human visual cortex: implications for saccadic suppression
Paus, T., Marrett, S., Worsley, K. J., & Evans, A. C. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.2179 · Cited by 110
Different mental imagery abilities result in different regional cerebral blood flow activation patterns during cognitive tasks
Charlot, V., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Zilbovicius, M., Mazoyer, B. M., & Denis, M. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90059-u · Cited by 109
Patterns of regional cerebral blood flow related to memorizing of high and low imagery words—An emission computer tomography study
Goldenberg, G., Podreka, I., Steiner, M. M., & Willmes, K. (1987) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(87)90072-8 · Cited by 96
A PET meta‐analysis of object and spatial mental imagery
Mazard, A., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Crivello, F., Mazoyer, B. M., & Mellet, E. (2004) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440340000484 · Cited by 95
Cerebral correlates of imagining colours, faces and a map—I. SPECT of regional cerebral blood flow
Goldenberg, G., Podreka, I., Uhl, F., Steiner, M. M., Willmes, K., & Deecke, L. (1989) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90127-9 · Cited by 92
Impact of fMRI Acoustic Noise on the Functional Anatomy of Visual Mental Imagery
Mazard, A., Mazoyer, B. M., Etard, O., Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Kosslyn, S. M., & Mellet, E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317236821 · Cited by 89
Self-citation
Individual Differences in Cerebral Blood Flow in Area 17 Predict the Time to Evaluate Visualized Letters
Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Kim, I. J., Rauch, S. L., & Alpert, N. M. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.1.78 · Cited by 86
Self-citation
Age at onset of blindness and the development of the semantics of color names
Marmor, G. S. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(78)90082-6 · Cited by 83
Neural Systems Activated during Visual Mental Imagery
Thompson, W. L., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012692545-6/50020-9 · Cited by 82
Self-citation
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 1.5 T during Sensorimotor and Cognitive Task
Sabbah, P., Simond, G., Levrier, O., Habib, M., Trabaud, V., Murayama, N., Mazoyer, B. M., Briant, J. F., Raybaud, C., & Salamon, G. (2008) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000117108 · Cited by 76
Preparation for reaching
Jean Decety, A., Kawashima, R., Gulyás, B. Z., & Roland, P. E. (1992) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199209000-00010 · Cited by 75
Activation of striate cortex in the absence of visual stimulation: an fMRI study of synesthesia
Aleman, A., Rutten, G.-J. M., Sitskoorn, M. M., Dautzenberg, G., & Ramsey, N. F. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200109170-00015 · Cited by 75
Isolating the Mnemonic Component in Spatial Delayed Response: A Controlled PET15O-Labeled Water Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Study in Normal Humans
Goldberg, T. E., Berman, K. F., RANDOLPH, C. C., Gold, J. M., & Weinberger, D. R. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0008 · Cited by 63
Functional anatomy of storage, recall, and recognition of a visual pattern in man
Roland, P. E., Gulyás, B. Z., Rj, S., Böhm, C., & Stone‐Elander, S. (1990) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199009000-00015 · Cited by 57
How the Brain Creates Imagery: Projection to Primary Visual Cortex
Miyashita, Y. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7792596 · Cited by 53
Going Inside: A Tour Round a Single Moment of Consciousness
McCrone, J. D. (1999) · Cited by 52
Neural substrates of animal mental imagery: calcarine sulcus and dorsal pathway involvement—an fMRI study
Lambert, S., Sampaio, E., Scheiber, C., & Mauss, Y. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03232-2 · Cited by 50
Mental Imagery of High- and Low-Resolution Gratings Activates Area 17
Thompson, W. L., Kosslyn, S. M., Sukel, K. E., & Alpert, N. M. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0803 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Contributions of occipital and temporal brain regions to visual and acoustic imagery—A spect study
Goldenberg, G., Podreka, I., Steiner, M. M., Franzen, P., & Deecke, L. (1991) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90103-f · Cited by 42
Does Inter‐Subject Variability in Cortical Functional Organization Increase with Neural 'Distance' from the Periphery?
Fox, P. T., & Pardo, J. V. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470514184.ch8 · Cited by 42
Neural correlates of visuospatial imagery
Boris Suchan, A., Yágüez, L., Wunderlich, G., Canavan, A. G. M., Herzog, H. R., Tellmann, L., Hömberg, V., & Seitz, R. J. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00373-4 · Cited by 40
Regional cerebral blood flow patterns related to verification of low- and high-imagery sentences
Goldenberg, G., Steiner, M. M., Podreka, I., & Deecke, L. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90060-y · Cited by 34
Neural networks for internal reading and visual imagery of reading: a PET study
Gulyás, B. Z. (2001) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00441-x · Cited by 27
Visual imagery and memory: Do retrieval strategies affect what the mind's eye sees?
Handy, T., Miller, M., Schott, B., Shroff, N., Janata, P., Van Horn, J., Inati, S., Grafton, S., & Gazzaniga, M. (2004) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440340000457 · Cited by 24
Nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in the reaction of 1,2,4-triazin-4-oxides with cyanamide
Kozhevnikov, V. N., Prokhorov, A. M., Kozhevnikov, D. N., Русинов, В. Л., & Чупахин, О. Н. (2000) · Russian Chemical Bulletin · doi:10.1007/bf02494908 · Cited by 7
Similarity of Structure and the Profile of Visual Recognition Defects: A Comment on Gaffan and Heywood
Damásio, A. R., Tranel, D., & Damásio, H. (1993) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1993.5.3.371 · Cited by 7
Activation of the visual cortex by imagery used in mental calculations
Pütz, B., Miyauchi, S., Sasaki, Y., Takino, R., Ohki, M., & Okamoto, J. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80217-5 · Cited by 5
A fMRI study on mental imagery with Chinese character generation
Kuo, W., Chen, C.-F., Hung, D. L., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Hsieh, J. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(00)91041-3 · Cited by 1

Research works printed but not linked: 7

10.1037/0096-1523.20.5.1068 · DOI
10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.241 · DOI
Kosslyn, 1980, A theory-based approach to the study of individual differences in mental imagery., 139
Loftus, 1979, Eyewitness testimony.
Marr, 1982, Vision.
Menon, 1993, Visual mental imagery by functional brain MRI, 252
10.1016/S0364-0213(99)00004-X · DOI

Sorted by citations

The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex
Shackman, A. J., Salomons, T. V., Slagter, H. A., Fox, A. S., Winter, J. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2994 · Cited by 2,082
Haptic perception: A tutorial
Lederman, S. J., & Klatzky, R. L. (2009) · Attention, Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.71.7.1439 · Cited by 1,108
Mental Imagery: Functional Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.003 · Cited by 1,087
Self-citation
Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001 · Cited by 976
Backpropagation and the brain
Lillicrap, T. P., Santoro, A., Marris, L., Akerman, C. J., & Hinton, G. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-020-0277-3 · Cited by 908

See all 515

Authors: Kosslyn, S. M., & Thompson, W. L.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Kosslyn, Stephen M.
Thompson, William L.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003
Volume: 129
Issue: 5
Pages: 723-746
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.723
OpenAlex: W1985236820
Cited by: 515
References: 121
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 7.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060734, 1R01 MH60734-01)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Keywords: visual imagery, early visual cortex, methodological factors
MeSH terms: Humans, Imagination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychological Theory, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks