The DOI matches its Crossref record; 168 of the 168 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sensitive questions in surveys.
Abstract
Psychologists have worried about the distortions introduced into standardized personality measures by social desirability bias. Survey researchers have had similar concerns about the accuracy of survey reports about such topics as illicit drug use, abortion, and sexual behavior. The article reviews the research done by survey methodologists on reporting errors in surveys on sensitive topics, noting parallels and differences from the psychological literature on social desirability. The findings from the survey studies suggest that misreporting about sensitive topics is quite common and that it is largely situational. The extent of misreporting depends on whether the respondent has anything embarrassing to report and on design features of the survey. The survey evidence also indicates that misreporting on sensitive topics is a more or less motivated process in which respondents edit the information they report to avoid embarrassing themselves in the presence of an interviewer or to avoid repercussions from third parties.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Third, loneliness and our outcomes were measured based on self-reports, which may be prone to social desirability bias [40].”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
Citations
Cites
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
The Psychology of Survey Response
Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. J., & Rasinski, K. (2000) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511819322 · Cited by 4,734
Self-citationAt the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence
Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. B. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x · Cited by 4,021
Randomized Response: A Survey Technique for Eliminating Evasive Answer Bias
Warner, S. L. (1965) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480775 · Cited by 3,261
Two-component models of socially desirable responding.
Paulhus, D. L. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598 · Cited by 3,013
A Meta-Analysis of Response Rates in Web- or Internet-Based Surveys
Cook, C., Heath, F. M., & Thompson, R. L. (2000) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640021970934 · Cited by 2,520
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,003
Staff attitudes and reactions towards residents’ masturbation in Spanish long‐term care facilities
Villar, F., Serrat, R., Celdrán, M., & Fabà, J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.13105 · Cited by 28
“Fear-of-the-State Bias” in Survey Data
Zimbalist, Z. (2017) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edx020 · Cited by 29
Is Machiavellianism associated with depression? A cluster-analytic study
Bianchi, R., & Mirkovic, D. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109594 · Cited by 28
Sensitive Questions and Trust: Explaining Respondents’ Behavior in Randomized Response Surveys
Krumpal, I., & Voß, T. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244020936223 · Cited by 28
Students’ Personal Belief in a Just World, Well-Being, and Academic Cheating: A Cross-National Study
Münscher, S., Donat, M., & Ucar, G. K. (2020) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-020-00356-7 · Cited by 31
Use of Small Cetaceans as Bait in Small-Scale Fisheries in Peru
Campbell, E., Pásara-Polack, A., Mangel, J. C., & Alfaro‐Shigueto, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.534507 · Cited by 28
Asking sensitive questions in conservation using Randomised Response Techniques
Ibbett, H., Jones, J. P. G., & John, F. A. V. S. (2021) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109191 · Cited by 28
Guttentag, D. A., Harrigan, K. A., & Smith, S. M. (2011) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2011.605069 · Cited by 28
Mumford, E. A., Taylor, B. G., & Giordano, P. C. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517693002 · Cited by 29
Toninelli, D., & Revilla, M. (2015) · Survey research methods · doi:10.18148/srm/2016.v10i2.6274 · Cited by 27
Vercruyssen, A., Wuyts, C., & Loosveldt, G. (2017) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.02.007 · Cited by 27
Hildebrand, M., Wibbelink, C. J. M., & Verschuère, B. (2018) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.02.013 · Cited by 32
Eisman, A. B., Lee, D. B., Hsieh, H., Stoddard, S. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0868-8 · Cited by 30
Sustainability cross‐sector partnerships: The strategic role of organizational structures
Ordonez-Ponce, E., & Clarke, A. (2020) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.1952 · Cited by 25
Does Flourishing Reduce Engagement in Unhealthy and Risky Lifestyle Behaviours in Emerging Adults?
Sofija, E., Harris, N., Phung, D. T., Sav, A., & Sebar, B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249472 · Cited by 29
Liu, J., Wang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0002400 · Cited by 30
Liu, S., Zhao, J., Rou, K., Chen, L., Cai, W., Li, L., Wu, Z., & Detels, R. (2011) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9978-y · Cited by 27
Effect of Test-Taking Venue and Response Format on Political Knowledge Tests
Shulman, H. C., & Boster, F. J. (2014) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2014.937526 · Cited by 27
Race of Interviewer Effect on Disclosures of Suicidal Low-Income African American Women
Samples, T. C., Woods, A. M., Davis, T. A., Rhodes, M. N., Shahane, A., & Kaslow, N. J. (2012) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798412469228 · Cited by 27
Comparison of Daily and Retrospective Reports of Vaginal Sex in Heterosexual Men and Women
Gillmore, M. R., Leigh, B. C., Hoppe, M. J., & Morrison, D. M. (2009) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490903050584 · Cited by 27
Khadjesari, Z., Marston, L., Petersen, I., Nazareth, I., & Walters, K. R. (2013) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp13x673720 · Cited by 27
Abdulrahim, S., Ajrouch, K. J., Jammal, A., & Antonucci, T. C. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs083 · Cited by 27
Measuring remittances through surveys
Brown, R. P., Carling, J., Fransen, S., & Siegel, M. (2014) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2014.31.41 · Cited by 27
Reliability and Validity of the Behavioral Addiction Measure for Video Gaming
Sanders, J., & Williams, R. J. (2015) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0390 · Cited by 27
Investigating response order effects in web surveys using eye tracking
Höhne, J. K., & Lenzner, T. (2015) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi1504361h · Cited by 27
Substance use for restaurant servers: Causes and effects
Hight, S. K., & Park, J. (2017) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.09.012 · Cited by 27
Valente, R., & Valera, S. (2017) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.11.007 · Cited by 27
Predictors of digital piracy among Turkish undergraduate students
Akbulut, Y., & Dönmez, O. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.004 · Cited by 27
Sexual assaults in individuals with visual impairment: a cross-sectional study of a Norwegian sample
Brunes, A., & Heir, T. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021602 · Cited by 27
When Do Religious Leaders Support Faith-Based Violence? Evidence from a Survey Poll in South Sudan
Basedau, M., & Koos, C. (2015) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912915603128 · Cited by 27
Stephens-Davidowitz, S. I. (2013) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 27
Pennell, B., Hibben, K. C., Lyberg, L. E., Mohler, P. P., & Worku, G. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119041702.ch9 · Cited by 27
Aslam, M. V., Swedo, E. A., Niolon, P. H., Peterson, C., Bacon, S., & Florence, C. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.02.010 · Cited by 36
Santo, T., Gisev, N., Campbell, G., Colledge‐Frisby, S., Wilson, J., Tran, L. T., Lynch, M. A., Martino-Burke, D., Taylor, S., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2024) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104434 · Cited by 27
Interviewer Effects on a Network-Size Filter Question
Josten, M., & Trappmann, M. (2016) · Journal of Official Statistics · doi:10.1515/jos-2016-0020 · Cited by 26
Shifrer, D. (2018) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869318754321 · Cited by 34
Valet, P., Adriaans, J., & Liebig, S. (2018) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-018-0764-z · Cited by 26
Can a List Experiment Improve Validity of Abortion Measurement?
Bell, S. O., & Bishai, D. M. (2019) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.1111/sifp.12082 · Cited by 25
Shi, Z., Rundle, A., Genkinger, J. M., Cheung, Y. K., Ergas, I. J., Roh, J. M., Kushi, L. H., Kwan, M. L., & Greenlee, H. (2020) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-020-00856-0 · Cited by 26
Rougeaux, E., Hope, S., Viner, R., Deighton, J., Law, C., & Pearce, A. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.023 · Cited by 26
Götz, M., Donzallaz, M. C., & Jonas, K. W. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01788 · Cited by 36
Findling, M. G., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., & Miller, C. (2020) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12517 · Cited by 26
Choi, G. (2021) · The Journal of Economic Inequality · doi:10.1007/s10888-020-09471-6 · Cited by 26
Waele, L. D., Weißmüller, K. S., & van Witteloostuijn, A. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655964 · Cited by 26
Fogel, Y., Sela, Y., & Hen‐Herbst, L. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273721 · Cited by 26
Leung, C. Y., Leung, G. M., & Schooling, C. M. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13033 · Cited by 26
Internalizing Symptoms, Peer Substance Use, and Substance Use Initiation
Siennick, S. E., Widdowson, A. O., Woessner, M. K., & Feinberg, M. (2015) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12215 · Cited by 22
The BLACCH Study Team, Baidoobonso, S. M., Bauer, G. R., Speechley, K. N., & Lawson, E. S. (2014) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-014-9984-z · Cited by 26
Narratives of Response Error From Cognitive Interviews of Survey Questions About Normative Behavior
Brenner, P. S. (2015) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124115605331 · Cited by 26
Hellman, T., Jensen, I. B., Orchard, C., & Bergström, G. (2016) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.3109/13561820.2016.1159184 · Cited by 26
Weigold, A., Weigold, I. K., & Natera, S. N. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.038 · Cited by 26
Lageson, S., Denver, M., & Pickett, J. T. (2019) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474518772040 · Cited by 26
Karakaya, S., & Glazier, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2019.1645784 · Cited by 28
Gu, M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109571 · Cited by 26
Baumgartner, H., & Weijters, B. (2019) · Foundations and Trends® in Marketing · doi:10.1561/1700000058 · Cited by 30
Hoffmann, A., Meisters, J., & Musch, J. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01349-9 · Cited by 26
Why People Agree to Participate in Surveys
Albaum, G., & Smith, S. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3876-2_11 · Cited by 26
Kool, B., Smith, E., Raerino, K., & Ameratunga, S. (2014) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-4 · Cited by 23
Measuring xenophobia: Social desirability and survey mode effects
D'Ancona, M. Á. C. (2013) · Migration Studies · doi:10.1093/migration/mnt014 · Cited by 25
NIMH Multisite HIV/STD Prevention Trial for African American Couples Group (2008) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e318184481a · Cited by 25
Devault, D. A., Maguet, H., Merle, S., Péné-Annette, A., & Lévi, Y. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2864-7 · Cited by 25
Donat, M., Rüprich, C., Gallschütz, C., & Dalbert, C. (2019) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-019-09530-5 · Cited by 26
Ouyang, M., Cai, X., Yin, Y., Zeng, P., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Xie, X., & Wang, P. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104766 · Cited by 25
Taking Data Out of Context to Hyper-Personalize Ads
Hanson, J., Wei, M., Veys, S., Kugler, M. B., Strahilevitz, L., & Ur, B. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376415 · Cited by 25
Depends Who's Asking: Interviewer Effects in Demographic and Health Surveys Abortion Data
Leone, T., Sochas, L., & Coast, E. (2021) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-8937468 · Cited by 25
The Trade Effects of Environmental Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements
Berger, A., Brandi, C. A., Morin, J., & Schwab, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108881364.006 · Cited by 25
Currie, C. L., & Tough, S. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03591-1 · Cited by 24
Geographical access to recreational marijuana
Ambrose, C. A., Cowan, B., & Rosenman, R. (2021) · Contemporary Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/coep.12518 · Cited by 25
The Effects of Question, Respondent and Interviewer Characteristics on Two Types of Item Nonresponse
Silber, H., Roßmann, J., Gummer, T., Zins, S., & Weyandt, K. W. (2021) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12703 · Cited by 25
Applying an Evolutionary Approach of Risk-Taking Behaviors in Adolescents
Salas-Rodríguez, J., Jacinto, L. G., Hombrados‐Mendieta, I., & del Pino‐Brunet, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694134 · Cited by 33
What prevents women from reaching the top?
Keloharju, M., Knüpfer, S., & Tå̊g, J. (2022) · Financial Management · doi:10.1111/fima.12390 · Cited by 25
Bhatnagar, T., Brown, J., Saravanamurthy, P. S., Kumar, R. M., & Detels, R. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0414-3 · Cited by 25
Methodological Issues in a Survey of Children's Online Risk-Taking and Other Behaviours in Europe
Ogan, C., Yılmaz, T. K., & Kurşun, E. (2012) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2012.739812 · Cited by 26
Surveying Multiple Sensitive Attributes using an Extension of the Randomized-Response Technique
Moshagen, M., & Musch, J. (2011) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edr034 · Cited by 25
Assessing community support for harm reduction services: Comparing two measures
Hopwood, M., Brener, L., Frankland, A., & Treloar, C. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00151.x · Cited by 25
A Canadian Urban Early Pregnancy Assessment Clinic: A Review of the First Year of Operation
Rhone, S. A., Hodgson, Z. G., Moshrefzadeh, A., & Maurer, C. (2012) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)35184-2 · Cited by 25
Lost on the Way: Nonresponse and its Influence on Turnout Bias in Postelection Surveys
Sciarini, P., & Goldberg, A. C. (2015) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edv049 · Cited by 25
Fink, D. S., Gallaway, M. S., Tamburrino, M., Liberzon, I., Chan, P., Cohen, G. H., Sampson, L., Shirley, E. R., Goto, T., D’Arcangelo, N., et al. (2015) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0624-1 · Cited by 25
Forgotten marriages? Measuring the reliability of marriage histories
Chae, S. (2016) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2016.34.19 · Cited by 25
Eye-tracking Social Desirability Bias
Kaminska, O., & Foulsham, T. (2016) · Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique · doi:10.1177/0759106315627591 · Cited by 25
Nandi, A., & Platt, L. (2016) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2016.1165495 · Cited by 25
Does attractiveness influence condom use intentions in heterosexual men? An experimental study
Eleftheriou, A., Bullock, S., Graham, C. A., Stone, N., & Ingham, R. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010883 · Cited by 25
External Validity in Parallel Global Field and Survey Experiments on Anonymous Incorporation
Findley, M. G., Laney, B., Nielson, D., & Sharman, J. C. (2017) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/690615 · Cited by 25
Keeffe, A. O., Hayes, B., & Prihodová, L. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6451-8 · Cited by 25
Fishing for the facts: river dolphin bycatch in a small‐scale freshwater fishery in Bangladesh
Richman, N. I., Jones, J. P. G., Northridge, S., Ahmed, B., Brook, S., Freeman, R., Jepson, P. D., Mahood, S. P., & Turvey, S. T. (2019) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12523 · Cited by 25
Jerit, J., & Kam, C. D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197541302.013.14 · Cited by 25
Sexual Knowledge in Patients With a Myocardial Infarction and Their Partners
Brännström, M., Kristofferzon, M., Ivarsson, B., Nilsson, U. G., Svedberg, P., & Thylén, I. (2013) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0b013e318291ede6 · Cited by 25
Green, O., & Ayalon, L. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515584347 · Cited by 25
Corsini, F., Gusmerotti, N. M., Bartoletti, E., Testa, F., Appolloni, A., & Iraldo, F. (2024) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-024-00367-5 · Cited by 30
From rush to responsibility: Evaluating incentives on online fashion customers’ willingness to wait
Dietl, M., Voigt, S., & Kühn, H. (2024) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104280 · Cited by 24
Using standardized patients to evaluate hospital-based intervention outcomes
Li, L., Lin, C., & Guan, J. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt249 · Cited by 24
Medical cannabis: Knowledge and attitudes of prospective doctors in Serbia
Kusturica, M. P., Tomás, A., Sabo, A., Tomić, Z., & Horvat, O. (2018) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2018.11.014 · Cited by 24
Dupuis, M., Strippoli, M. F., Gholam‐Rezaee, M., Preisig, M., & Vandeleur, C. L. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1805 · Cited by 24
Smith, C. M., Griffiths, F. E., Fothergill, R. T., Vlaev, I., & Perkins, G. D. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034908 · Cited by 23
Wartime ties and the social logic of crime
Daly, S., Paler, L., & Samii, C. (2020) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343319897098 · Cited by 22
Suicidal Ideations and Attempts in Patients With Isolated Dystonia
Worthley, A., & Simonyan, K. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000011596 · Cited by 24
The benefits of inclusion for disability measurement in the workplace
Santuzzi, A. M., Martinez, J. J., & Keating, R. T. (2021) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-06-2020-0167 · Cited by 24
Multidimensional research on university engagement using a mixed method approach
Mundet, H. B., Llop, E., Verdaguer, M., Comas, J., Sitjar, A. L., Alís, M. O., Amadó, A., & Rostán, C. (2021) · Educación XX1 · doi:10.5944/educxx1.28561 · Cited by 26
Adolescent gambling advertising awareness: A national survey
Kristiansen, S., & Severin‐Nielsen, M. K. (2021) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.12501 · Cited by 25
Goerres, A., Mayer, S. J., & Spies, D. C. (2021) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123421000302 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- ORCID
- Yan, Ting
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 859-883
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2080673930
- Cited by
- 3,057
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 279 · 2025: 247 · 2024: 188 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 201 · 2021: 254 · 2020: 233 · 2019: 189 · 2018: 198 · 2017: 199 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 153 · 2013: 146 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 137.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- sensitive questions, social desirability bias, misreporting, survey accuracy, error reporting, survey design, embarrassment, illicit drug use, sexual behavior, abortion, personality measures
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Induced, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Personality Tests, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sexual Behavior, Social Desirability, Social Problems, Illicit Drugs, Bias, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review