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The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons: A comprehensive quantitative review.
Abstract
Previous quantitative reviews of research on psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons have yielded divergent findings and have not included many of the available controlled outcome studies. This meta-analysis summarizes results from 61 controlled studies to offer a more comprehensive integration of this literature. This review examined (a) the absolute effectiveness of bereavement interventions immediately following intervention and at follow-up assessments, (b) several of the clinically and theoretically relevant moderators of outcome, and (c) change over time among recipients of the interventions and individuals in no-intervention control groups. Overall, analyses showed that interventions had a small effect at posttreatment but no statistically significant benefit at follow-up. However, interventions that exclusively targeted grievers displaying marked difficulties adapting to loss had outcomes that compare favorably with psychotherapies for other difficulties. Other evidence suggested that the discouraging results for studies failing to screen for indications of distress could be attributed to a tendency among controls to improve naturally over time. The findings of the review underscore the importance of attending to the targeted population in the practice and study of psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons.
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“Although bereavement interventions appear to be effective if aimed high-risk groups or at those whose grieving process has already complicated,57-59”
From Complicated grief after perinatal loss (2012) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“Reviews and meta-analyses of general bereavement interventions have shown that although effectiveness of bereavement interventions is often assumed, empirical evidence yields inconclusive results.”
From Complicated grief after perinatal loss (2012) · cites this paper as [57]
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“However, even advocates of treatment for normative grief have cautioned that meta-analyses (e.g., Allumbaugh & Hoyt, 1999; Currier et al., 2008) have indicated that universally applied grief treatments (e.g., as found in treatment studies that have used aggressive recruitment procedures) are likely…”
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Sense and significance: a mixed methods examination of meaning making after the loss of one's child
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“Meta-analyses of bereavement intervention outcome studies demonstrate the importance of targeting distressed populations (Currier et al., 2008).”
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Underutilization of Mental Health Services Among Bereaved Caregivers With Prolonged Grief Disorder
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“Thus, Currier et al. (2008) corroborated a small to moderate benefit of grief treatment in general, while looking at all age groups simultaneously.”
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“In such cases, professional intervention may well be called for, as it is precisely when symptomatology is intense and debilitating that grief therapy appears to offer substantial benefits (Currier et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA public health approach to bereavement support services in palliative care
Aoun, S. M., Breen, L. J., O’Connor, M., Rumbold, B. D., & Nordstrom, C. (2012) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00825.x · Cited by 152
“These levels of intervention are supported empirically by a critical review of bereavement efficacy evaluation studies(5) and a meta-analysis of 61 outcome studies indicating that bereavement interventions for those with ‘normal’ grief tend to be ineffective, unnecessary and even harmful.(6) Recent empirical studies d…”
BackgroundRisk Factors for Bereavement Outcome: A Multivariate Approach
van der Houwen, K., Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Schut, H. A. W., van den Bout, J., & Meij, L. W. (2010) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180903559196 · Cited by 152
“Reviews by Schut, Stroebe, van den Bout, and Terheggen ( 2001 ) and by Currier, Neimeyer, and Berman ( 2008 ) have underscored the need to channel professional help to those who need and will benefit from it.”
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“The finding of positive program effects for youths with lower grief scores at pretest contrasts with findings from a recent meta-analysis of interventions for bereaved individuals (both adults and children) that reported stronger effects for interventions that targeted bereaved individuals who were experiencing higher…”
ResultTreatment of complicated grief
Rosner, R., Pfoh, G., & Kotoučová, M. (2011) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.7995 · Cited by 137
“Since 2005, two more meta-analyses have been published, whose results confirm the older meta- analyses: Currier, Neimeyer, and Berman (2008) reported an overall ES of 0.16 and a medium ES of 0.51 for studies based on subjects with increased grief symptom severity at the beginning of treatment.”
ResultInfluentialRosner, R., Pfoh, G., Kotoučová, M., & Hagl, M. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.035 · Cited by 133
“…improvement in PG-CBT completers is d = 1.61; compared with the ES values reported in meta-analyses for patients with strong therapy indications (Currier et al., 2008: d = 0.51; Rosner et al., 2005: d = 0.27; Wittouck et al., 2011: d = 0.53), our intervention seems to be considerably more…”
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“In one study, the ICG-R was found to distinguish between those bereaved by violent and nonviolent means more sensitively than the Core Bereavement Items (Burnett et al. 1997), suggesting that the ICG-R might in fact measure unique symptoms exhibited by at— risk grievers (Currier et al. 2008a).”
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Web-Based Bereavement Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“16; (11, 12)], interventions that were specifically aimed at prolonged grief symptoms have yielded better treatment effects [d = 0.”
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Re, A. C. D. (2015) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.11.1.p037 · Cited by 113
The efficacy of a brief internet-based self-help intervention for the bereaved
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“However, we feel that this is unlikely given the large amount of evidence that shows that beneficial effects of intervention are only found in cases of high risk and complicated grief (for a review see Currier et al., 2008).”
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Mash, H. B. H., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22068 · Cited by 88
Predictors of Prolonged Grief, Resilience, and Recovery Among Bereaved Spouses
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“Adding to the debate is a recent review of over 60 controlled studies that contests any assumed benefit from interventions offered to selected groups of bereaved people, such as young people (Currier, Neimeyer, & Berman, 2008 ).”
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Rosner, R., Bartl, H., Pfoh, G., Kotoučová, M., & Hagl, M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.051 · Cited by 76
“Whereas non-selective interventions for the bereaved were found to be ineffective at best, psychotherapy for clinically relevant prolonged grief symptoms was found to be at least of moderate effectiveness (Currier et al., 2008; cf. Rosner and Hagl, 2007).”
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“interventions for individuals who manifest problems adapting to the loss of a spouse, but do not meet predefined criteria for psychological disorders (Currier et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDual-Process Bereavement Group Intervention (DPBGI) for Widowed Older Adults.
Chow, A., Caserta, M. S., Lund, D. A., Suen, M. H. P., Xiu, D.-M., Chan, I. K. N., & Chu, K. M. (2018) · The gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny095 · Cited by 55
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Death Competence: An Ethical Imperative
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“Currier, Neimeyer, & Berman, 2008 ; Gamino, Sewell, Hogan, & Mason, 2009–2010; Schut, Stroebe, van den Bout, & Terheggen, 2001) and using empirically supported treatment methods (see Shear, Frank, Houck, & Reynolds, 2005 ).”
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“However, studies including only patients with increased grief symptom severity showed larger effect sizes than those with subjects without substantial grief symptoms: Currier et al. (2008) reported an ES of d 0.51 and Rosner et al. (2005) reported an ES of d 0.27.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCurrent Grief Support in Pediatric Palliative Care
Schuelke, T., Crawford, C., Kentor, R. A., Eppelheimer, H., Chipriano, C., Springmeyer, K., Shukraft, A., & Hill, M. A. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8040278 · Cited by 61
“This multifaceted, interdisciplinary, and holistic grief support begins well before death and continues throughout the trajectory of grief, based on each family’s specific needs [8].”
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“The authors of an earlier meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions for bereavement concluded that more favourable outcomes were obtained for programs that specifically targeted bereaved individuals experiencing most marked difficulties [141].”
BackgroundBereavement and palliative care: A public health perspective
Rumbold, B. D., & Aoun, S. M. (2013) · Progress in Palliative Care · doi:10.1179/1743291x13y.0000000079 · Cited by 55
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“Some observed that routine referral to counseling resources following loss lowered anxiety, supported coping and regaining self-esteem, and enabled the individuals relate better and look to the future (Currier, Neimeyer, and Berman 2008).”
BackgroundKillikelly, C., Smith, K. V., Zhou, N., Prigerson, H. G., O'Connor, M., Kokou‐Kpolou, C. K., Boelen, P. A., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00354-x · Cited by 62
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An internet tool to normalize grief
Dominick, S. A., Irvine, A. B., Beauchamp, N., Seeley, J. R., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Doka, K. J., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.60.1.d · Cited by 53
“A recent meta-analysis by Currier, Neimeyer, and Berman (2008) found that bereavement interventions had minimal effect at follow-up, but that interventions for complicated grievers had outcomes comparable to psycho-therapies for other difficulties.”
Family Bereavement Program (FBP) approach to promoting resilience following the death of a parent
Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., Ayers, T. S., Tein, J.-Y., & Luecken, L. (2013) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2013.821763 · Cited by 51
The therapeutic effectiveness of using visual art modalities with the bereaved: a systematic review
Weiskittle, R., & Gramling, S. E. (2018) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s131993 · Cited by 52
“11 As such, this review’s finding that visual art modalities demonstrate some evidence of developing positive outcomes but not impacting negative outcomes may indicate congruent trends with existing treatment aims for the bereaved.”
InfluentialMenichetti, J., Borghi, L., Marco, E. C. D. S., Fossati, I., & Vegni, E. A. M. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12742 · Cited by 59
“Even if some studies have suggested that this type of action can have greater benefit immediately after the event than after more than 48 hours (Campfield, 2001), evidence about the best timing for these interventions is still unclear (Currier et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAho, A. L., Tarkka, M., Åstedt-Kurki, P. M., Sorvari, L., & Kaunonen, M. (2011) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2011.553318 · Cited by 53
“…is quite weak or even nonexistent, although some studies have reported that parents have a positive impression of them (Chambers & Chan, 2000; Currier et al., 2008; DiMarco et al., 2001; Flenady, & Wilson, 2008; Harvey et al., 2008; Murphy et al., 1998; Reilly-Smorawski et al., 2002;…”
ResultSandler, I. N., Tein, J., Cham, H., Wolchik, S. A., & Ayers, T. S. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000328 · Cited by 52
“…broad range of bereaved parents and stands in contrast to evidence from a prior meta-analytic study of 61 controlled studies of interventions with the bereaved that significant effects for those who had higher levels of problems at baseline, but not for lower risk bereaved (Currier et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialComplicated Grief: An Evolving Theoretical Landscape
Crunk, A. E., Burke, L. A., & Robinson, E. H. “. (2017) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12134 · Cited by 50
Recent trends in the treatment of prolonged grief
Mancini, A., Griffin, P., & Bonanno, G. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32834de48a · Cited by 51
“Evidence suggests that bereaved persons typically show some improvement across time, regardless of whether they receive treatment [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialBreen, L. J. (2011) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.62.3.e · Cited by 48
Randomised controlled trial of a cognitive narrative intervention for complicated grief in widowhood
Barbosa, V., Sá, M., & Carlos Rocha, J. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.833164 · Cited by 47
“The effectiveness of this intervention is stronger than previously conducted interventions in mourning (Allumbaugh & Hoyt, 1999; Boelen et al., 2007; Currier et al., 2008; Kato & Mann, 1999; Neimeyer, 2000; Wittouck et al., 2011), shown by the very high effect–size values obtained for the ICG, BDI…”
ResultThe persistence of attachment: Complicated grief, threat, and reaction times to the deceased's name
Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.032 · Cited by 47
“A more nuanced understanding of the mechanisms underlying these deficits can offer important insights into the treatment of complicated grief, which despite recent gains has historically suffered from inefficacious treatments (Currier et al., 2008).”
Davis, E. L., Deane, F. P., Lyons, G. C., Barclay, G. D., Bourne, J., & Connolly, V. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317715091 · Cited by 45
“Methodological arguments have been proffered to explain the mostly small to moderate treatment effects and the inconsistency and difficulty in interpreting outcomes from these studies (Currier et al., 2008; Waller et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEffects of bereavement groups–a systematic review and meta-analysis
Maaß, U., Hofmann, L., Perlinger, J., & Wagner, B. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1772410 · Cited by 60
Positive Experiences for Participants in Suicide Bereavement Groups: A Grounded Theory Model
Groos, A. D., & Shakespeare‐Finch, J. (2012) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2012.687898 · Cited by 51
“However, the recent review of interventions for the bereaved failed to show any evidence for the importance of timing as a crucial moderator of intervention outcome (Currier et al., 2008).”
BackgroundCurrier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2010.3.1.77 · Cited by 51
Self-citationNeimeyer, R. A., & Burke, L. A. (2011) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel2020145 · Cited by 45
Self-citationPotential use of ayahuasca in grief therapy
González, D., Carvalho, M., Cantillo, J., Aixalá, M., & Farré, M. (2019) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222817710879 · Cited by 44
Bereavement in later life: Theory, assessment, and intervention.
Neimeyer, R. A., & Holland, J. M. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14459-025 · Cited by 43
Self-citationRubin, S. S., Malkinson, R., & Witztum, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.537596 · Cited by 45
Reconstructing meaning in bereavement
Neimeyer, R. A. (2011) · Rivista di psichiatria · doi:10.1708/1009.10982 · Cited by 44
Self-citationPositive and Negative Experiences from Grief Group Participation: A Qualitative Study
Dyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A., & Johnsen, I. (2013) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.68.1.c · Cited by 42
“To provide us with new insights on benefits and limits of grief support groups, there is a need to study whether the increased knowledge about grief and trauma is embodied in the way grief groups are organized today (Currier et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBreen, L. J., O’Connor, M., Hewitt, L. Y., & Lobb, E. A. (2013) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0034451 · Cited by 42
Kustanti, C. Y., Fang, H., Kang, X. L., Chiou, J., Wu, S., Yunitri, N., Chu, H., & Chou, K. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12630 · Cited by 42
van Denderen, M., de Keijser, J., Stewart, R., & Boelen, P. (2018) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2183 · Cited by 36
“Because of mixed results with regard to sex and time since loss as a predictor of effect sizes (ES; Allumbaugh & Hoyt, 1999; Currier et al., 2008), we had no a priori expectations regarding these variables.”
ResultRosner, R., Rimane, E., Vogel, A., Rau, J., & Hagl, M. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2618-3 · Cited by 49
Keegan, O., Murphy, I., Benkel, I., Limonero, J. T., Relf, M., & Guldin, M. (2021) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163211043000 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Currier, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., & Berman, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Memphis (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 648-661
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1996791213
- Semantic Scholar
- e48256d4aa8a340ba6e8c4f33ffc63e995154890
- Cited by
- 431
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 27.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- bereavement, grief, psychotherapeutic interventions, bereavement interventions, adaptation to loss, treatment effectiveness, follow-up outcomes, natural recovery
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Bereavement, Humans, Psychoanalytic Therapy, Stress, Psychological, Treatment Outcome
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