Why is working memory capacity related to matrix reasoning tasks?
Abstract
One of the reasons why working memory capacity is so widely researched is its substantial relationship with fluid intelligence. Although this relationship has been found in numerous studies, researchers have been unable to provide a conclusive answer as to why the two constructs are related. In a recent study, researchers examined which attributes of Raven's Progressive Matrices were most strongly linked with working memory capacity (Wiley, Jarosz, Cushen, & Colflesh, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 256-263, 2011). In that study, Raven's problems that required a novel combination of rules to solve were more strongly correlated with working memory capacity than were problems that did not. In the present study, we wanted to conceptually replicate the Wiley et al. results while controlling for a few potential confounds. Thus, we experimentally manipulated whether a problem required a novel combination of rules and found that repeated-rule-combination problems were more strongly related to working memory capacity than were novel-rule-combination problems. The relationship to other measures of fluid intelligence did not change based on whether the problem required a novel rule combination.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent evidence indicates that the relationship between WM capacity and Matrix Reasoning can be explained by individuals' ability to maintain how they solved previous problems in memory.
“Recent evidence also challenges these accounts, showing that the relationship between WM capacity and Matrix Reasoning can be explained by individuals’ ability to maintain how they solved previous problems in memory48.”
From Near transfer to an unrelated N-back task mediates the effect of N-back working memory training on matrix reasoning (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
Cites
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory
(2010) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-62209-1 · Cited by 6,035 · see citing works
Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Steiger, J. H. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245 · Cited by 4,621 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The correlation between the WMC composite and the novel total (r = .36) was statistically lower than the WMC composite's correlation with the repeated total (r = .50), z(205) = −2.29, p = .02 (Steiger, 1980).”
Influential(1998) · Cited by 4,172 · see citing works
Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078 · see citing works
Self-citationIs working memory capacity task dependent?
Turner, M. L., & Engle, R. W. (1989) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(89)90040-5 · Cited by 2,299 · see citing works
Self-citationAt what sample size do correlations stabilize?
Schönbrodt, F. D., & Perugini, M. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.05.009 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
Thurstone, L. L. (1973) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6129-9_8 · Cited by 2,130 · see citing works
An automated version of the operation span task
Unsworth, N., Heitz, R. P., Schrock, J. C., & Engle, R. W. (2005) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03192720 · Cited by 1,861 · see citing works
Self-citationKane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., Tuholski, S. W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.189 · Cited by 1,679 · see citing works
Self-citationCarpenter, P. A., Just, M. A., & Shell, P. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.404 · Cited by 1,648 · see citing works
Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.104 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control
Engle, R. W., & Kane, M. J. (2003) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)44005-x · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking Memory and Intelligence: The Same or Different Constructs?
Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Kelley, T. L., & Thurstone, L. L. (1938) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2279078 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., & Conway, A. R. A. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.66 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
The role of interference in memory span
May, C. P., Hasher, L., & Kane, M. J. (1999) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198529 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Nash Unsworth, A., & Spillers, G. J. (2010) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.02.001 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
The mechanisms of working memory capacity: Primary memory, secondary memory, and attention control
Shipstead, Z., Lindsey, D. R. B., Marshall, R. L., & Engle, R. W. (2014) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2014.01.004 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking memory and intelligence are highly related constructs, but why?
Colom, R., Abad, F. J., Quiroga, M. Á., Shih, P. C., & Flores-Mendoza, C. E. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.01.002 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Working Memory Training May Increase Working Memory Capacity but Not Fluid Intelligence
Harrison, T. L., Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., Hambrick, D. Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613492984 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationNash Unsworth, A., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.08.003 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: Maintenance and Disengagement
Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616650647 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationBroadway, J. M., & Engle, R. W. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.42.2.563 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationComplex span tasks, simple span tasks, and cognitive abilities: A reanalysis of key studies
Colom, R., Rebollo, I., Abad, F. J., & Shih, P. C. (2006) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193395 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
When are fluid intelligence and working memory isomorphic and when are they not?
Chuderski, A. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.003 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Can fluid intelligence be reduced to ‘simple’ short-term storage?
Martínez, K., Burgaleta, M., Román, F. J., Escorial, S., Shih, P. C., Quiroga, M. Á., & Colom, R. (2011) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2011.09.001 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Wiley, J., Jarosz, A. F., Cushen, P. J., & Colflesh, G. J. H. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0021613 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Matzen, L. E., Benz, Z. O., Dixon, K. R., Posey, J., Kroger, J. K., & Speed, A. E. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.42.2.525 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Shipstead, Z., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0028467 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy does working memory capacity predict RAPM performance? A possible role of distraction
Jarosz, A. F., & Wiley, J. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.06.001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Working memory, executive function, and general fluid intelligence are not the same
Heitz, R. P., Redick, T. S., Hambrick, D. Z., Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R. A., & Engle, R. W. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x06319036 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: Maintenance and Disengagement
Engle, R. W. (2014) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e528942014-017 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of processing difficulty in the predictive utility of working memory span
Bunting, M. F. (2006) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03213915 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dijkstra, J., & de Jager, C. P. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-72030-7_39 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 35 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: Maintenance and Disengagement
Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616650647 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relationship between baseline pupil size and intelligence
Tsukahara, J. S., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2016) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2016.10.001 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationTraining on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults
Maraver, M. J., Bajo, M. T., & Gomez-Ariza, C. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00588 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Finally, on the basis of either the close relationship between matrix problem resolution, WM (Colom et al., 2004; Friedman et al., 2006; Harrison et al., 2015) and executive control (Dempster and Corkill, 1999; Engle and Kane, 2004; Jarosz and Wiley, 2012; Shipstead et al., 2015) and the results of…”
BackgroundYoo, A. H., & Collins, A. G. E. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01808 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Individual differences in the learning potential of human beings
Stern, E. (2017) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-016-0003-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The mechanisms of far transfer from cognitive training: Review and hypothesis.
Greenwood, P. M., & Parasuraman, R. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000235 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Perspectives on working memory: introduction to the special issue
Logie, R. H., & Cowan, N. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0510-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
IQ decline and Piaget: Does the rot start at the top?
Flynn, J. R., & Shayer, M. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.11.010 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Vergauwe, E., & Langerock, N. (2017) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2017.05.001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Semantic and Syntactic Interference in Sentence Comprehension: A Comparison of Working Memory Models
Tan, Y., Martin, R. C., & Dyke, J. A. V. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00198 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Comprehension in proficient readers: The nature of individual variation
Freed, E. M., Hamilton, S. T., & Long, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2017.07.008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
5-10 Yaş Grubu Çocuklara Yönelik Geliştirilmiş Çalışma Belleği Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği
Ergül, C., YILMAZ, Ç. Õ., & Demir, E. (2018) · Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama · doi:10.17244/eku.427280 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cochrane, A., Simmering, V. R., & Green, C. S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221353 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Swanson, H. L. (2016) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.04.012 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jastrzębski, J., Ciechanowska, I., & Chuderski, A. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.11.002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Pahor, A., Seitz, A. R., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01384-w · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Even a single trivial binding of information is critical for fluid intelligence
Chuderski, A. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101396 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Working memory capacity mediates the relationship between removal and fluid intelligence
Singh, K. A., Gignac, G. E., Brydges, C. R., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2018) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2018.03.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Is working memory capacity a causal factor in fluid intelligence?
Burgoyne, A. P., Hambrick, D. Z., & Altmann, E. M. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01606-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Psychophysiological responses of junior orienteers under competitive pressure
Robazza, C., Izzicupo, P., D’Amico, M. A., Ghinassi, B., Crippa, M. C., Cecco, V. D., Ruiz, M. C., Bortoli, L., & Baldassarre, A. D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196273 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Yang, X., Peng, P., & Meng, X.-Z. (2019) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2122 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Martin, J. D., Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., Redick, T. S., Bunting, M. F., & Engle, R. W. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000705 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking memory test battery for young adults: Computerized working memory assessment
Ma, L., Chang, L., Chen, X., & Zhou, R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175047 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Spatola, N., & Normand, A. (2020) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01317-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Working memory load-dependent changes in cortical network connectivity estimated by machine learning
Eryilmaz, H., Dowling, K. F., Hughes, D., Rodriguez-Thompson, A., Tanner, A. S., Huntington, C., Coon, W. G., & Roffman, J. L. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116895 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
When working memory mechanisms compete: Predicting cognitive flexibility versus mental set
Stockum, C. A. V., & DeCaro, M. S. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104313 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Callisto, S. P., Illamola, S. M., Birnbaum, A. K., Barkley, C. M., Bathena, S. P., Leppik, I. E., & Marino, S. E. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.1611 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
LearningRx Cognitive Training Effects in Children Ages 8–14: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Carpenter, D. M., Ledbetter, C. R., & Moore, A. L. (2016) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3257 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Baczyńska, A. K., & Thornton, G. C. (2017) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12170 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bridge Over Troubled Water: Commenting on Kovacs and Conway's Process Overlap Theory
Colom, R., Chuderski, A., & Santarnecchi, E. (2016) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2016.1181513 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Zhao, R., Hu, X., Guan, S., Margulies, D. S., Meng, C., & Biswal, B. B. (2022) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-022-02564-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cochrane, A., & Green, C. S. (2021) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-021-00111-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rocha, K., Lussier, C. M., & Atit, K. (2022) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-022-00377-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Matzel, L. D., & Sauce, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1060786 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tardiff, N., Bascandziev, I., Carey, S. E., & Zaitchik, D. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104090 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Smoleń, T., & Chuderski, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01270 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Multifaceted pattern of neural efficiency in working memory capacity
Pahor, A., & Jaušovec, N. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.10.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rummel, J., Steindorf, L., Marevic, I., & Danner, D. (2017) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000444 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Krieger, F., Zimmer, H. D., Greiff, S., Spinath, F. M., & Becker, N. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.11.007 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Family’s Subjective Economic Status and Children’s Matrix Reasoning: Blacks’ Diminished Returns
Assari, S., & Boyce, S. (2020) · Research in Health Science · doi:10.22158/rhs.v6n1p1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Working memory affects anticipatory behavior during implicit pattern learning
Medimorec, S., Milin, P., & Divjak, D. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01251-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yan, S., Shen, S., Lu, Q., Zhong, S., Lv, S., Lai, S., Luo, Y., Ran, H., Duan, M., Song, K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.067 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Identifying Links Between Latent Memory and Speech Recognition Factors
Bosen, A. K., & Doria, G. M. (2023) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001430 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Immediate and long-term memory and their relation to crystallized and fluid intelligence
Martinez, D. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101382 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fluid Intelligence Emerges from Representing Relations
Chuderski, A. (2022) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence10030051 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Krieger, F., Zimmer, H. D., Becker, N., & Spinath, F. M. (2017) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence5020021 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shipstead, Z., & Engle, R. W. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316817049.019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking Memory Capacity Mediates the Relationship between Removal and Fluid IntelligencePreprint
Singh, K., Gignac, G. E., Brydges, C. R., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a7ktf · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Systad, S., Bjørnvold, M., Markhus, R., & Lyster, S. H. (2016) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.09.041 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cognitive Load Measurement Using Arithmetic and Graphical Tasks and Galvanic Skin Response
Muke, P. Z., Telec, Z., & Trawiński, B. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16014-1_66 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Deciphering Mechanisms of Anxiety Influences on Hazard Identification in Construction Situations
Fu, H., Fu, Y., Tan, Y., & Guo, X. (2025) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/jcemd4.coeng-16502 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kwak, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1578648 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
von Gugelberg, H. M., SCHWEIZER, K. W., & Troche, S. J. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102622 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
SCHWEIZER, K. W., Zeller, F., & Reiß, S. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102991 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zając-Lamparska, L. (2021) · Roczniki Psychologiczne · doi:10.18290/rpsych21242-3s · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lu, R., Zhang, X., & Shi, J. (2020) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.397 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
von Seth, J., Aller, M., & Davis, M. H. (2025) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0034846 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Iles, R. A., Surve, A. A., Kagundu, S., & Gatumu, H. N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Predictores cognitivos de la capacidad de planificación en niños de 6 y 7 años de edad
Stelzer, F., Andrés, M. L., Juric, L. C., & Introzzi, I. M. (2025) · Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Niñez y Juventud · doi:10.11600/1692715x.14123050615 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A trait profile of top and middle managers
Baczyńska, A. K., & Rowiński, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01694 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Time to Plan : How to support everyday planning in adolescents with intellectual disability
Palmqvist, L. (2020) · Studies from the Swedish Institute for Disability Research · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-164916 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The time squares sequences: a new task for assessing visuospatial working memory
Mirino, P., Mercuri, S., Pecchinenda, A., Boccia, M., Piero, A. D., Soldani, M., & Guariglia, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1165906 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Lucid IoT Challenge to Sustainable Society
Garg, A. (2018) · International Conference Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies · doi:10.1109/icicct.2018.8473188 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Influence of weight status at 2 years on memory performance at 4–5 years of age
Wendt, S. D. K., Constantino, B., Wendt, E. A., & Mastroeni, M. F. (2019) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1632928 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jarosz, A. F. (2015) · Figshare · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Getting at Underlying Mechanisms of Far Transfer - the Mediating Role of Near TransferPreprint
Pahor, A., Seitz, A. R., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q5xmp · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Role of Inhibitory Control in Working Memory Capacity and Reasoning Ability
Maxwell, J. W. (2016) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University)
The removal of information from working memory: an executive updating process
Singh, K. A. (2018) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · doi:10.26182/5b457c409d1ed
Semantic Integration Scale to People Diagnosis with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rúa, M. O. (2020) · International Journal for Innovation Education and Research · doi:10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss10.2680
Pupil changes in persons aged 8 to 79 during text reading – an eye-tracking study
Kazubowski, P., & Błasiak, W. (2021) · Biometrical Letters · doi:10.2478/bile-2021-0011
Knowledge Representations: Individual Differences in Novel Problem Solving
Raden, M. J., & Jarosz, A. F. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11040077
Decision Making and Working Memory: Bridging the Gap
Rachev, N. R., & Cowan, N. (2025) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88415-3_7
Weber, D., Jelen, S., Spinath, F. M., Krieger, F., Becker, N., & Koch, M. (2026) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2026.102020
- Authors
- Harrison, T. L., Shipstead, Z., & Engle, R. W.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harrison, Tyler L.
- ORCID
- Engle, Randall W.
- Venue
- Memory & Cognition
- Published
- 2014-10-21
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 389-396
- ISSN
- 0090-502X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5946
- OpenAlex
- W1995627715
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 11.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Memory & Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- working memory capacity, fluid intelligence, Raven's Progressive Matrices, matrix reasoning, rule combination, conceptual replication
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Intelligence, Memory, Short-Term, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Problem Solving, Thinking, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
