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Cited by 502Personality Traits and PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionCultural Differences and Values

Personal-space—where we now stand

Hayduk, Leslie A.·1983·Psychological Bulletin
DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.94.2.293
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  • Personal space is influenced by relationships, with a closer intimate zone reserved for lovers.

    “The personal space (PS) we keep between us and others is crucially influenced by our relationships with them; a closer, intimate zone being reserved for lovers.”

    From Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females (2012) · cites this paper as Hayduk, 1983

  • If an unfamiliar person violates personal space, we can feel uncomfortable, so close approach must be carefully controlled.

    “However, if an unfamiliar person violates our PS (Hall, 1966;Hayduk, 1983), we can feel uncomfortable, and so close approach must be carefully controlled.”

    From Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females (2012) · cites this paper as Hayduk, 1983

  • Behavioral experiments in the authors' lab, as well as others, show strong correlations between participants' preferences in these experiments and preferences in a more realistic behavioral measure of interpersonal distance (the stop-distance paradigm).

    “However, behavioral experiments in our lab, as well as others, show strong correlations between participants' preferences in these experiments and preferences in a more realistic behavioral measure of interpersonal distance in which participants choose their preferred distance from a stranger in a live interaction in the laboratory (i.e. the stop-distance paradigm, Hayduk, 1983; Perry Anat, Levy-G”

    From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Hayduk, 1983

  • Keeping too far away from others signals low social motivation and keeping close to others, especially strangers, may induce personal distress or social anxiety.

    “In real-life situations, keeping too far away from others signals low social motivation (26) and keeping close to others, especially strangers, may induce personal distress or social anxiety (26, 27).”

    From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [27]

  • Choosing closer projected distance does not necessarily predict interpersonal distance in a real-life situation as a result of potential increases of anxiety.

    “choosing closer projected distance does not necessarily predict interpersonal distance in a real-life situation as a result of potential increases of anxiety (26, 27).”

    From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [27]

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Authors
Hayduk, L. A.
Affiliations
University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author
Hayduk, Leslie A.
ORCID
Hayduk, Leslie A.
Venue
Psychological Bulletin
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1983-09
Volume
94
Issue
2
Pages
293-335
ISSN
  • 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1455
DOI
10.1037/0033-2909.94.2.293
OpenAlex
W2053190739
Cited by
502
References
373
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 8
FWCI
3.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Keywords
personal space, interpersonal distance

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