The DOI matches its Crossref record; 210 of the 210 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A life-span theory of control.
Abstract
A life-span theory of development is presented that is based on the concepts of primary and secondary control. Primary control refers to behaviors directed at the external environment and involves attempts to change the world to fit the needs and desires of the individual. Secondary control is targeted at internal processes and serves to minimize losses in, maintain, and expand existing levels of primary control. Secondary control helps the individual to cope with failure and fosters primary control by channeling motivational resources toward selected action goals throughout the life course. Primary control has functional primacy over secondary control. An analysis of extensive and diverse literatures spanning infancy through old age shows that trade-offs between primary and secondary control undergo systematic shifts across the life course in response to the opportunities and constraints encountered.
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“Literature suggests that the internal locus of control may increase until middle age, decreasing thereafter [20, 21].”
From Health anxiety, coping mechanisms and COVID 19: An Indian community sample at week 1 of lockdown (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
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“First, persons with disability often strive for control over their situation, variously labeled autonomy, self-determination , self-efficacy, or self-regulation (Baltes & Baltes, 1990; Gignac & Cott, 1998; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”
BackgroundControlling the illusion of control: a grounded theory of sports betting advertising in the UK
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“Later research has theorized that there is a functional primacy of primary over secondary control mechanisms (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”
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“Heckhausen and Schulz (1995) use the terms in their “life span theory of control”.”
BackgroundLifespan Perspectives on Careers and Career Development
Nagy, N., Froidevaux, A., & Hirschi, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812756-8.00010-4 · Cited by 104
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“Achievement of important developmental goals across the life span involves appraisal of resources and constraints (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”
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Self-citationLoss of Control Increases Belief in Precognition and Belief in Precognition Increases Control
Greenaway, K. H., Louis, W. R., & Hornsey, M. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071327 · Cited by 104
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“According to Heckhausen and Schulz (1995, 1998), downgrading expectations is an effective compensatory secondary–control strategy for reducing anxiety and feeling in control.”
BackgroundResultDealing with negative social exchanges in later life: Coping responses, goals, and effectiveness.
Sorkin, D. H., & Rook, K. S. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.4.715 · Cited by 88
Chang, E. S., Chen, C., Greenberger, E., Dooley, D., & Heckhausen, J. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9034-9 · Cited by 100
“Once a goal has been selected, according to the lifespan theory of control (Heckhausen and Schulz, 1995), a specific set of control strategies that comprises goal engagement is set in motion, such as the investment of time and effort, as well as enhanced perceptions of control (Heckhausen, 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFung, H. H.-L., Stoeber, F. S., Yeung, D. Y.-L., & Lang, F. R. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/63.3.p156 · Cited by 88
“By proposing this argument, we agree with the basic premise of life-span developmental theories (e.g., Baltes & Baltes, 1990; Brandtstädter & Greve, 1994; Carstensen et al., 1999; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995) that, as people age, they shape their world in ways that maximize their well-being.”
MethodSelf and personality in old and very old age: A sample case of resilience?
Staudinger, U. M., & Fleeson, W. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007471 · Cited by 90
Wang, X., Abdelhamid, M., & Sanders, G. L. (2021) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2021.113512 · Cited by 102
Defining and Measuring Harmony Control
Morling, B., & Fiske, S. T. (1999) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1999.2254 · Cited by 89
Hess, T. M. (2006) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2006.24.3.279 · Cited by 87
“…of current theorizing in adult development relates to selectivity in processing, where it has been argued that there is a general shift in resource allocation from promoting growth to maintenance and loss prevention (e.g., Baltes, 2003; Brandstädter & Greve, 1994; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”
BackgroundEkerdt, D. J., Hackney, J. K., Kosloski, K., & DeViney, S. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/56.3.s162 · Cited by 87
Negative aging stereotypes and their relation with psychosocial variables in the elderly population
Palacios, C. S., Torres, M. V. T., & Blanca, M. J. (2008) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2008.03.007 · Cited by 86
“On the r hand, it has been shown that people rarely evaluate their health unfavorably when it comes to comparing themselves people of the same age (Heckhausen and Schulz, 1995; khausen and Brim, 1997).”
BackgroundNyman, S. R., & Szymczyńska, P. (2016) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913915626193 · Cited by 96
Lifespan Developmental Psychology
Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59519-6_43 · Cited by 85
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“…selectivity theory (Carstensen, 1992), the model of selection, optimization, and compensation (Baltes, 1997), and the lifespan theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995) suggest people are able to shape their trajectories of aging, and that we can “age with agency” by adapting to changes in…”
BackgroundA cultural perspective on emotional experiences across the life span.
Grossmann, I., Karasawa, M., Kan, C., & Kitayama, S. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0036041 · Cited by 92
Teacher Technostress in the Chilean School System
Estrada-Muñoz, C., Castillo, D., Vega-Muñoz, A., & Boada-Grau, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155280 · Cited by 78
“On the one hand, aging is connected to physical degeneration processes such as cognitive decline [84,85], which make older adults more likely to be exposed to some techno-stressors [86].”
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Mahmood, A. N., Yamamoto, T., Lee, M. F., & Steggell, C. D. (2008) · Journal of Housing for the Elderly · doi:10.1080/02763890802097144 · Cited by 85
“According to this theory, successful (optimal) development includes obtaining certain degrees of control (control environment “external to the individual”) throughout the life span (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Schulz & Heckhausen, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInfurna, F. J., Gerstorf, D., & Zarit, S. H. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021022 · Cited by 94
Discontented people: reactivity and locus of control as determinants of subjective well‐being
Klonowicz, T. (2001) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.387 · Cited by 88
“Research has also demonstrated that psychological health and mood depend on control beliefs: the feeling that one's behaviour and the desired outcomes are noncontingent has been associated with less positive and more negative affect, worse physical and psychological health and lower life satisfaction (Emmons and Diene…”
BackgroundSelf-perception and psychological well-being: The benefits of foreseeing a worse future.
Cheng, S., Fung, H. H.-L., & Chan, A. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0016410 · Cited by 86
The aging self : shifting from promoting gains to balancing losses
Freund, A. M., & Ebner, N. C. (2005) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 82
Abuhassàn, A., & Bates, T. C. (2015) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000175 · Cited by 83
Obschonka, M., Pavez, I., Kautonen, T., Kibler, E., Salmela‐Aro, K., & Wincent, J. (2022) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106272 · Cited by 109
The adaptive role of perceived control before and after cancer diagnosis: A prospective study
Ranchor, A. V., Wardle, J., Steptoe, A., Henselmans, I., Ormel, J., & Sanderman, R. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.069 · Cited by 83
“…control efforts are diminishing, people resort to secondary control strategies in order to maintain a sense of control, which ultimately promotes better adjustment (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Morling & Evered, 2006; Rothbaum et al., 1982; Thompson, Nanni, & Levine, 1994; Thompson et al., 1993).”
BackgroundThurber, C. A., & Weisz, J. R. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.3.508 · Cited by 83
Guan, Y., Deng, H., Fan, L., & Zhou, X. (2021) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103557 · Cited by 99
Wrosch, C., Dunne, E., Scheier, M. F., & Schulz, R. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9051-x · Cited by 81
“For example, external attributions may reduce feelings of personal responsibility for encountering a problematic situation and thereby ameliorate the associated emotional distress (Heckhausen and Schulz, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWittman, S. (2018) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2015.0090 · Cited by 84
Rutjens, B. T., van Harreveld, F., & van der Pligt, J. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610361782 · Cited by 80
“compensatory control, belief in progress, religion, hope Control is a fundamental human motivation, and we know from the literature that lacking control is generally aversive (e.g., Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Maier & Seligman, 1976).”
BackgroundA Lines-of-Defense Model for Managing Health Threats: A Review
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2013) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000351269 · Cited by 87
Self-citationEnvejecimiento activo y de éxito o saludable: una breve historia de modelos conceptuales
Петретто, Д. Р., Pili, R., Gaviano, L., López, C. M., & Zuddas, C. (2016) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2015.10.003 · Cited by 80
Effects of faith and secular factors on locus of control in middle-aged and older cardiac patients
Ai, A. L., Peterson, C., Rodgers, W. L., & Tice, T. N. (2005) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860500142804 · Cited by 82
“With the specific cardiac crisis, spiritual experiences related to coping can be seen as a vicarious secondary control or a compensatory primary control strategy with an intention to survive (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Schulz & Heckhausen, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialViewing injustice: Greater emotion heterogeneity with age.
Charles, S. T. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.159 · Cited by 79
Baider, L., Andritsch, E., Uziely, B., Goldzweig, G., Ever-Hadani, P., Hofman, G., Krenn, G., & Samonigg, H. (2003) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/s1040-8428(02)00134-8 · Cited by 78
Mapping the Hierarchical Structure of Coping: Unifying Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives
Duhachek, A., & Oakley, J. L. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1057-7408(07)70030-x · Cited by 83
Antecedents of subjective age biases among senior women
Guiot, D. (2001) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.1043 · Cited by 79
Dörnyei, Z., Muir, C., & Ibrahim, Z. (2014) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.40.01dor · Cited by 79
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Goal Internalization and Persistence as a Function of Autonomous and Directive Forms of Goal Support
Koestner, R., Powers, T. A., Milyavskaya, M., Carbonneau, N., & Hope, N. H. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12093 · Cited by 83
Wrosch, C., & Scheier, M. F. (2019) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2019.07.001 · Cited by 91
Stability in Perceived Control
Chipperfield, J. G., Campbell, D. W., & Perry, R. P. (2004) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264303260447 · Cited by 78
“…question, it is critical to consider how perceptions of control are measured and to introduce the distinction between primary and secondary control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995, 1998; Rothbaum, Weisz, & Snyder, 1982; Schulz & Heckhausen, 1996) In the current study, PC was measured from reports of…”
BackgroundChen, E., Lee, W. K., Cavey, L., & Ho, A. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12037 · Cited by 81
A multi-disciplinary model of life-course canalization and agency
Heckhausen, J., & Buchmann, M. C. (2018) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2018.09.002 · Cited by 93
“…life-course can be conceptualized in a motivational and action-theoretical framework, as we have done in our research (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1993; Heckhausen, 1999, 1995; Heckhausen & Shane, 2015; Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010, 2018; Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2013; Schulz & Heckhausen,…”
Self-citationChildren's action-control beliefs and emotional regulation in the social domain.
Lopez, D. F., & Little, T. D. (1996) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.299 · Cited by 78
Emotional and Cognitive Self-Regulation Following Academic Shame
Turner, J. E., & Husman, J. E. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.4219/jaa-2008-864 · Cited by 79
Kliegel, M., Jäger, T., & Phillips, L. H. (2007) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/u48q-0063-3318-1175 · Cited by 86
“…in emotion regulation abilities in performance-based tests that evaluate emotional regulation in a controlled situation, particularly because there exist findings showing that subjective evaluation of competence is not always accurate (see e.g., Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Taylor & Brown, 1988).”
Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Motivation
Heckhausen, J. (2000) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027640021955739 · Cited by 79
Self-citationTomasik, M. J., Hardy, S. A., Haase, C. M., & Heckhausen, J. (2008) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.10.003 · Cited by 77
“In the context of the motivational theory of life-span development, Heckhausen and Schulz (1995) have differentiated between two kinds of control striving.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRudolph, C. W., & Baltes, B. B. (2016) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0040147 · Cited by 93
The nature and correlates of self-esteem trajectories in late life.
Wagner, J., Gerstorf, D., Hoppmann, C., & Luszcz, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032279 · Cited by 76
Hortop, E. G., Wrosch, C., & Gagné, M. (2013) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9349-2 · Cited by 90
“…control are important determinants of using effective control strategies (e.g., investing more effort or building 35 35 implementation intentions) and through this mechanism can influence goal progress and associated psychological outcomes (Heckhausen and Schulz 1995 ; Lang and Heckhausen 2001 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialA conceptual review of identity integration across adulthood.
Mitchell, L. L., Adler, J. M., Carlsson, J., Eriksson, P. L., & Syed, M. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001246 · Cited by 96
Regret appraisals, age, and subjective well-being
Jokisaari, M. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00033-3 · Cited by 76
“In such cases, a person deploys assimilative coping (Brandtst€adter & Renner, 1990) or primary control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”
BackgroundTomasik, M. J., Silbereisen, R. Κ., & Heckhausen, J. (2010) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-010-9177-6 · Cited by 80
“Propositions of the life-span theory of control According to the life-span theory of control (Heckhausen 1999; Heckhausen and Schulz 1995; Heckhausen et al. 2010 successful development depends on the individual’s ability to carefully adjust goal engagement and goal disengagement to the…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Process of Disengagement From Personal Goals
Ghassemi, M., Bernecker, K., Herrmann, M., & Brandstätter, V. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216689052 · Cited by 87
“…been formulated by several researchers investigating goal disengagement (Brandstätter et al., 2013; Brandtstädter & Rothermund, 2002; Carver & Scheier, 1998; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Klinger, 1977; Tunali & Power, 2002; Wrosch et al., 2003) but, to our knowledge, not been empirically tested yet.”
BackgroundOng, A. D., & Bergeman, C. S. (2004) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-996-1000-z · Cited by 78
Haran, M. J., Lee, B. B., King, M. T., Marial, O., & Stockler, M. R. (2005) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.07.293 · Cited by 75
The Psychological Science of Human Ageing
Baltes, P. B., Freund, A. M., & Li, S. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610714.006 · Cited by 85
Cappeliez, P., & Robitaille, A. (2010) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607861003713307 · Cited by 75
“Applying the lifespan theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995) to reminiscence, these authors point out that the self-positive functions of reminiscence involve balancing the maintenance of the self-structure (primary control) with openness to change (secondary control).”
BackgroundMethodGruber‐Baldini, A. L., Ye, J., Anderson, K. E., & Shulman, L. M. (2009) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.03.005 · Cited by 80
“Primary control strategies, including internal LOC, are relatively stable throughout early adulthood, but may decline in older ages, especially in the face of health problems [16].”
BackgroundHealth-Engagement Control Strategies and 2-Year Changes in Older Adults' Physical Health
Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02120.x · Cited by 74
Self-citationPrimary and Secondary Control-Enhancing Strategies
Chipperfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., & Menec, V. H. (1999) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/089826439901100403 · Cited by 74
“CONTROL-ENHANCING STRATEGIES When faced with seemingly adverse conditions that threaten perceptions of control, people frequently employ specific strategies to offset the threat (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Thompson, 1996; Weisz et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialContextual Effects on Life Satisfaction of Older Men and Women
Bourque, P. E., Pushkar, D., Bonneville, L., & Béland, F. (2005) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1353/cja.2005.0001 · Cited by 74
“Research has found that perceived control predicts psychological and physical functioning (Cairney, 2000; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995), including wellbeing (Hickson, Housley, & Boyle, 1988) and life satisfaction (Smits, Deeg, & Bosscher, 1995).”
BackgroundPsychosocial influences on possible selves: A comparison of three cohorts of older adults
Frazier, L. D., Johnson, P. M., Gonzalez, G. K., & Kafka, C. L. (2002) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250143000184 · Cited by 78
“Based on earlier research (see Brandtstädter, Wentura, & Greve, 1993; Frazier et al., 2000; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995, 1999; Hooker, 1999, 1992; Hooker & Kaus, 1994) we hypothesised that older adults who report poorer health, who feel less control over their health and attribute their health to…”
MethodSuccessful ageing: A study of the literature using citation network analysis
Kusumastuti, S., Derks, M. G. M., Tellier, S., Nucci, E. D., Lund, R., Mortensen, E. L., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2016) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.04.010 · Cited by 85
Patterns of resource allocation are reliable among younger and older readers.
Stine‐Morrow, E. A. L., Milinder, L.-A., Pullara, O., & Herman, B. (2001) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.69 · Cited by 73
Relationships Among Disease, Social Support, and Perceived Health: A Lifespan Approach
Heinze, J. E., Kruger, D. J., Reischl, T. M., Cupal, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2015) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-015-9758-3 · Cited by 72
“Using a lifespan approach (Erikson 1964; Heckhausen and Schulz 1995; Schulz a Heckhausen 1996) to social support, we provide evidence that the importance of different sources of support may change as individuals age.”
MethodHaase, C. M., Poulin, M. J., & Heckhausen, J. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212444906 · Cited by 72
Self-citationTrajectories of Late-Life Change in God-Mediated Control
Hayward, R. D., & KRAUSE, N. M. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs054 · Cited by 71
Affective Well-Being in Old Age
Heyl, V., Wahl, H., & Mollenkopf, H. (2007) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.12.2.119 · Cited by 71
“A similar framework has been formulated by Heckhausen and Schulz (1995) in their life-span theory of control.”
MethodTO HAVE AND HAVE NOT: ADAPTIVE BEREAVEMENT BY TRANSFORMING MENTAL TIES TO THE DECEASED
Boerner, K., & Heckhausen, J. (2003) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180302888 · Cited by 72
“Then, the life-span theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995) and related concepts (Brandtst dter & Renner, 1990; Lewin, 1932) are discussed with respect to what they contribute to clarifying processes of disengaging from the living person and engaging with the legacy components of the…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHousing matters in very old age—yet differently due to ADL dependence level differences
Iwarsson, S., Horstmann, V., & Slaug, B. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038120601094732 · Cited by 71
Differences between fertility desires and intentions: implications for theory, research and policy 1
Miller, W. B. (2011) · Cited by 71
Freund, A. M., & Riediger, M. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0625 · Cited by 74
Lauwerier, E., Crombez, G., Van Damme, S., Goubert, L., Vogelaers, D., & Evers, A. W. M. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-009-9059-z · Cited by 70
“Nonetheless, acceptance is part of several coping models [16–18].”
BackgroundNeuroticism moderates the daily relation between stressors and memory failures.
Neupert, S. D., Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.287 · Cited by 70
“For example, socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen et al., 1999) posits that there is better regulation of emotion among older adults, and better emotion regulation is a key aspect of optimal aging (Baltes & Baltes, 1990; Baltes, Lindenberger, & Staudinger, 1998; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Magai, 2001).”
BackgroundIntimate Partner Violence and PTSD: The Moderating Role of Emotion-Focused Coping
Lilly, M. M., & Graham‐Bermann, S. A. (2010) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.25.5.604 · Cited by 70
“For the purposes of this study, problem-focused coping is conceptualized as behaviors that are directed externally and aim to change the environment that causes distress ( Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995 ).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-regulation of unattainable goals in suicide attempters: A two year prospective study
O’Connor, R. C., O’Carroll, R. E., Ryan, C., & Smyth, R. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.035 · Cited by 75
“This interaction is of interest in the light of current theories of successful aging (e.g., Heckhausen and Schulz, 1995) which emphasise the importance of goal disengagement.”
Age Differences in Motivation and Stress at Work
Hertel, G., Thielgen, M. M., Rauschenbach, C., Grube, A., Roßnagel, C. S., & Krumm, S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35057-3_6 · Cited by 71
Dispositional hope and the propensity to cope: A daily diary assessment of minority adolescents.
Roesch, S. C., Duangado, K. M., Vaughn, A. A., Aldridge-Gerry, A. A., & Villodas, F. M. (2010) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016114 · Cited by 83
“…be it a family member or peer, may be the resource that adolescents who score high on this dimension draw strength or reassurance from, thus reducing negative responses by providing a sense of predictability and also helping to maintain primary or secondary control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”
BackgroundWhitbourne, S. K., & Collins, K. J. (1998) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0087666 · Cited by 69
Is pessimism a risk factor for depressive mood among community-dwelling older adults?
Isaacowitz, D. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00178-3 · Cited by 69
Kunzmann, U. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/63.5.p261 · Cited by 69
“…well-being, which has been attributed to the enormous resiliency of older people (i.e., to their capacity to adjust to age-related loss through selfregulatory mechanisms, including accommodative and secondary modes of coping with loss; see Brandtstädter & Greve, 1994; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”
BackgroundSkill development in reverse mentoring: Motivational processes of mentors and learners
Kaše, R., Saksida, T., & Mihelič, K. K. (2018) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21932 · Cited by 83
Self-Employment and Eudaimonic Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Problem- and Emotion-Focused Coping
Nikolaev, B., Lerman, M. P., Boudreaux, C. J., & Mueller, B. A. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587221126486 · Cited by 78
“4 In general, humans are motivated to control the world around them and actively strive to regulate their development (Carver & Scheier, 1982; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Rothbaum et al., 1982).”
BackgroundReflecting on self-relevant experiences: adult age differences.
Rice, C., & Pasupathi, M. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018098 · Cited by 80
Changes in social identities over time: The role of coping and adaptation processes
Amiot, C. E., Terry, D. J., Wirawan, D., & Grice, T. A. (2010) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466609x480624 · Cited by 81
Self-compassionate responses to aging.
Allen, A., & Leary, M. (2014) · The gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gns204 · Cited by 62
Ardelt, M. (2015) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9680-2 · Cited by 67
“Although 10-month test–retest stability coefficients tended to be high, especially for three-dimensional wisdom and SWB, a sense of mastery and purpose in life were the least stable measures among the variables, possibly due to physical and social losses for some of the older participants, such as increases in physica…”
BackgroundMaladaptive achievement patterns: A test of a diathesis-stress analysis of helplessness.
Boggiano, A. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1681 · Cited by 67
Primary and Secondary Control Strategies: Implications for Health and Well-Being Among Older Adults
Haynes, T. L., Heckhausen, J., Chipperfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., & Newall, N. E. G. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.2.165 · Cited by 66
Self-citationMallers, M. H., Claver, M. L., & Lares, L. (2013) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnt051 · Cited by 75
“For example, Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz (2010) motivational theory of life-span development is in part based on their earlier life-span theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Schulz & Heckhausen, 1996).”
Self-Regulation of Unattainable Goals and Pathways to Quality of Life
Wrosch, C. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0016 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development (DE)
- ORCID
- Heckhausen, Jutta
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-304
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2130212806
- Semantic Scholar
- 155e1d5e2cf570e3b465d059e2f5941c94d12c5b
- Cited by
- 1,844
- References
- 210
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 87 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 55.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh041887-03)
- National Institute on Aging (AG-05444)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH41887)
- National Cancer Institute (CA 48635, R01CA048635)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- lifespan development, primary control, secondary control, coping with failure, motivational resources, action goals, developmental trade-offs, life course, old age
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging, Child, Child, Preschool, Defense Mechanisms, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Development, Social Perception, Social Values
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