A life-span theory of control.

“, 2003), and reduced opportunities (Heckhausen and Schulz, 1995).”

“According to the lifespan theories of control, human beings are active agents who, when they need to avoid or reduce negative consequences on their psychological and physical health, can engage in self-regulation, or control, of their cognition and emotions related to their experience of critical situations and events…”

“This finding supports research suggesting that individuals may use religion/ spirituality as a method of coping with distress and restoring meaning in the aftermath of trauma (Ai & Park, 2005; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“Conceptually, control and coping have little overlap, although strategies can be seen as a means to optimize an individual’s potential to control the environment, as proposed by Heckhausen and Schulz (1995).”

“When individuals experience decreases in perceived control over time, they may become more inward-focused and less outward-focused (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“Heckhausen, and Schulz [16] argued that human kind strives from birth to death for what they have labeled primary control, that is, ways and means to impact one’s own environment to achieve important life goals.”

“Examples of this type of control might be assigning value to alternative goals or engaging in protective social comparison (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Lachman, 2005).”

“…of reasoning is also inherent in another influential framework of adaptation to age-related loss, the life-span theory of control and its refinement as a motivational theory of life-span development (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010; see also Schilling et al., 2013).”

“According to MTLD, individuals master developmental challenges through the proactive use of primary control strategies (aimed at changing the environment) and secondary control strategies (aimed at changing internal states Heckhausen and Schulz 1995).”

“Evidence also suggests that with age, control-enhancing interventions become more beneficial (Heckhousen and Schultz, 1995).”

“Our findings provide support for the theories of successful aging that older people maintain their psychological well-being in the face of age-related losses by relying on accommodative processes (Brandtstädter & Greve, 1994) and secondary control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“Primary control coping strategies (hereafter referred to as primary coping) are thought to be adaptive responses to most stressful situations because they allow individuals to shape their environments to meet their goals, and they promote a sense of self-efficacy (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“For example, general perceptions of having control over life outcomes (perceived control) helps individuals deal with difficult life circumstances (Baltes, 1997; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Krause & Stryker, 1984).”

“In terms of the lifespan theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995), this means that subjectively younger olderworkers keep using primary control strategies (i.e., change the environment) to ensure their person-job fit and donot just resort to secondary control strategies (i.e., change personal…”

“This argument is in line with the fact that older people tend to engage more in downward than in upward comparison that, in turn, serves emotion regulation and ultimately a feeling of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“to preserve the sense of self in the face of dwindling personal resources, modifying one’s aspirations is often more realistic and effective than modifying the environment (Brandtstädter and Greve 1994; Heckhausen and Schulz 1995).”

“When employees perceive high impact, they feel that their action at work is connected to important organizational outcomes (Bandura, 1991; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Tangirala & Ramanujam, 2008).”

“…personal resources—broadly de ned—that support functioning (e.g., physical health, cognitive ability, social support) affect perceptions of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995), goal orientation (Brandtstädter & Greve, 1994), engagement in cognitive activities (P. Baltes, 1997; P. Baltes, & M.…”

“Both the primary and secondary control distinction, favored in the life span theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995), and the accommodation and assimilation distinction used in the dual-process framework fall into this category.”

“The life-span theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995) argues that, compared with their younger counterparts, older people are more likely to benefit from fitting in with the external environment.”

“In the model of primary and secondary control by Heckhausen and Schulz (1995), goal disengagement represents an example of a compensatory secondary control strategy, which can be adaptive when primary control strategies (e.g., the investment of effort and time) are no longer promising.”

“…by guest on 29 July 2018 Life-span studies have addressed the observation that different forms of leisure activities are age dependent and have dealt in detail with the shifting of activities and social adaptation required to accommodate age-related losses (Baltes, 1997; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“Having a sense of control over one’s environment is considered a fundamental motivation [4], and a perceived lack of control is directly associated with poor mental health outcomes [5].”

“Lifespan Theory of Perceived Control The lifespan theory of control describes perceived control as a cognitive construct that does not follow the proposed trajectory of biological resources over the life course (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“This finding is consistent with the life-span theory of control, which proposes that selective secondary control serves to focus motivational resources on a selected target of primary control strivings, particularly under challenging conditions for goal pursuit (e.g., Haase et al. in press; Heckhausen and Schulz 1995;…”

“—Hesiod, c. 700 BC Given that control is considered to be a fundamental human motivation (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Skinner, 1996), a rapidly increasing amount of research has aimed to explain how people deal with fluctuating levels of personal control.”

“Journal of Gerontology: PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES Copyright 2002 by The Gerontological Society of America 2002, Vol. 57B, No. 6, P531–P539 P531 Compensating for Losses in Perceived Personal Control Over Health: A Role for Collective Self-Esteem in Healthy Aging Daniel S. Bailis and Judith G. Chipperfield Health, Leisure…”

“Similarly, the lifespan theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995) has been applied to the area of vision loss (Boerner, Brennan, Horowitz, & Reinhardt, 2009).”

“They used the life-span theory of control ( Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995 ) as the theoretical basis for a study of ATD usage among older adults with visual impairments.”

“The category of social job characteristics was more systematically defined by Morgeson and Humphrey (2006) in their job design questionnaire as compared to Hackman and Oldham (1980) and includes, among others, supervisor and colleague support.”

“Baltes & Baltes, 1990 ; Brandtstadter & Greve, 1994 ; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995 ) have used the notion of selectivity to characterize adaptive processes associated with aging.”

“…2010), long-term patterns of successful development are partly determined by an individual’s use of control strategies in close correspondence to changing opportunities for achieving desired outcomes (e.g., an age-related increase in secondary control striving; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1993, 1995).”

“In a related perspective, Heckhausen and Schulz (1995) focus on how older adults maximize control by downwardly adjusting expectations in response to losses.”

“The third principle recognizes that chosen responses can be inherently dysfunctional, regardless of situational controllability ( Heckhausen & Schultz, 1995 ).”

“In particular, the lifespan theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; see also Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010 for a review) suggests that one’s development across the lifespan is partly influenced by the ability to flexibly engage with the various opportunities and constraints one…”

“In their life-span theory of control, Heckhausen and Schulz (1995) identified two related processes that contribute to the development of perceived control.”

“It is, however, inevitable that events do occur now and then that lead to experiencing lack of control, which is generally considered to be an aversive state (e.g., Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Pennebaker & Stone, 2004).”

“This result is in support of the propositions of the motivational theory of life-span development (Chang et al., 2006; Heckhausen et al., 2013; Nurmi, 1989, 1991, 1992) and the time perspective theory (e.g. Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999).”

“Coping Based on the life-span theory of control by Heckhausen and Schulz (1995) and on theoretical considerations regarding further development of that model (Heckhausen, personal communication) we developed 15 items that characterize coping with perceived social change (Silbereisen et al. 2006).”

“The framework for another potential explanation of why men and women give up on having children is the psychological theory of developmental regulation or the life-span theory of control (Brandtstädter 2009; Heckhausen and Schulz 1995).”

“Connections are also made to activity-theory studies (Menec, 2003), lifespan theory (Baltes, 1997; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995), and adult education studies Articles résumé Dans cet article, les auteurs examinent la relation entre la participation des apprenants adultes âgés aux activités éducatives…”

“As their labels suggest, some theoretical orientations contend that secondary control is merely a compensatory or ‘‘backup’’ strategy, which is employed when attempts at primary control have failed (e.g., Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Thompson et al., 1998).”

“Although problem-focused coping enables an actor to directly rectify an adverse circumstance (Heckhausen and Richard 1995), there are times when an adverse situation is out of an individual’s control or is impervious to problem solving.”

“The need for control is so fundamental it has been described as the central motive that guides human behavior (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“Developmentally, the striving for control is more pronounced in young adulthood than in late adulthood.(28) A cancer disease requires control strategies, such as cognitive restructuring, in order for sufferers to adapt to the cancer experience.”

“Especially for children, who are continuously faced with changes in their environment and their bodily and cognitive capabilities, a bias toward overestimating the amount of control may be beneficial (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“The motivational theory of life-span development developed in collaboration with Richard Schulz since the early 1990s investigates how individuals influence their own development by engaging with and disengaging from developmental goals ( Heckhausen, 1999 ; Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, in press; Heckhausen & Farruggi…”

“These two categories of self-regulation processes are consistent with different theoretical frameworks of coping or control (e.g., Brandtstädter & Renner, 1990; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010).”

“Regarding health resources, although lifespan theories have proposed that older adults have the capacity to adapt to aging (Baltes, 1997; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995), age-related limitations in health can impose self-regulatory capacity for managing losses, particularly in oldest-old age (Baltes &…”

“In the aging domain, the life-span theory of control (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995) holds that aging efficacy fuels the realization of successful aging (see also Logan, 2017).”

“Although there are several models now that address successful aging (e.g., Baltes & Baltes, 1990; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995), Brandst dter and Greve’s (1994) is particularly relevant because of its similarity to the identity processing perspective.”

“Active coping behavior by itself, whether reactive or proactive, seems to promote SWB probably because such behaviors increase perceived control over a newly experienced situation and/or over the detrimental effects of a potential future event (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).”

“Second, individuals can use compensatory secondary control strategies to manage the emotional turmoil resulting from threats to physical health (27).”