Cited by 5,902Aging and Gerontology ResearchCognitive Abilities and TestingCognitive Functions and Memory

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The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition

Salthouse, Timothy A.·1996·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.403

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Abstract

Advancing adult age is associated with reduced processing speed, which constrains cognitive performance.

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Background
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Buskbjerg, C. R., Amidi, A., Munk, A., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107419 · Cited by 4
Bilingualism and ageing independently impact on language processing: evidence from comprehension and production
Fernandes, E. G., Segaert, K., Rahman, F., Wetterlin, A., & Wheeldon, L. R. (2024) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728924000245 · Cited by 4
What Does It Take to Play the Piano? Cognito-Motor Functions Underlying Motor Learning in Older Adults
Worschech, F., Passarotto, E., Losch, H., Oku, T., Lee, A., & ALTENMÜLLER, E. O. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14040405 · Cited by 6
“…speed becomes more and more important, which is strongly related to cognito-motor functions, as suggested by studies on age-related slowing [55,56] We also noted that other forms of motor sequence learning require cognito-motor skills in a similar way and that this is not a unique feature of…”
Background
Age mitigates the correlation between cognitive processing speed and audio-visual asynchrony detection in speech
Alm, M., & Behne, D. M. (2014) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.4896464 · Cited by 4
Daily Stimulation and Cognitive Functioning: The Importance of the Participation of Healthy Older People in Cognitively Demanding Everyday Activities
Pérez, J. A. L., & Menor, J. (2014) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.1989/ejihpe.v4i3.78 · Cited by 4
“309-319) procesamiento relacionados con la atención y la memoria de trabajo (Craik y Byrd, 1982), un descenso en la velocidad de procesamiento (Salthouse, 1996) y dificultades en tareas ejecutivas y de memoria episódica (Dennis, Daselaar y Cabeza, 2007).”
Background
Speech perception difficulties and their associated cognitive functions in older adults
Lee, S., & Kim, H. (2016) · Phonetics and Speech Sciences · doi:10.13064/ksss.2016.8.1.063 · Cited by 5
Effects of problem presentation durations on arithmetic strategies: a study in young and older adults
Lemaire, P., & Brun, F. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2016.1215318 · Cited by 4
“Given well-known cognitive slowing with age (Salthouse, 1996), we expected older adults’ strategy selection and strategy execution to be more influenced by problem presentation durations.”
Background
Aging does not affect integration times for the perception of depth from motion parallax
Holmin, J. S., & Nawrot, M. (2017) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2017.05.016 · Cited by 4
“Considering older adults’ delayed processing for motion and pursuit information, it is possible that the temporal parameters of the motion/pursuit integration mechanismwill likewise be delayed, reflecting generalized slowing of visuospatial processing (Salthouse, 1996).”
Association between Physical Activity and Cognitive Dysfunction in the Korean: A Cross-sectional Study
Jeong, S., & Jang, J. Y. (2017) · Exercise Medicine · doi:10.26644/em.2017.003 · Cited by 4
“In fact, a slow reaction is associated with decreased cognitive function in the older adults [23].”
Origins of Executive Functions
Ardila, A. (2017) · Perspectives in cultural-historical research · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6887-4_6 · Cited by 4
Can Mobile Digital Games Benefit Older Adults’ Health?
Duplàa, E., Kaufman, D. M., Sauvé, L., Rénaud, L., & Ireland, A. (2017) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60672-9_6 · Cited by 5
Investigating Brand Verbal Fluency: When known brands do not come to mind
Lambert-Pandraud, R., Laurent, G., & Gourvennec, B. (2018) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.1177/1470785318757172 · Cited by 4
“Education is another important predictor of cognitive ability (Bowles, Grimm, & McArdle, 2005; Salthouse, 1996).”
Background
Störungen der Aufmerksamkeit
Niemann, H., & Gauggel, S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12915-5_12 · Cited by 4
Can Acquired Skill and Technology Mitigate Age-Related Declines in Learning Rate?
Charness, N. H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24135-3_12 · Cited by 5
The Application of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in the Study of Neural and Cognitive Aging
Arble, E. P., Steinert, S. W., & Daugherty, A. M. (2020) · Rorschachiana Journal of the International Society for the Rorschach · doi:10.1027/1192-5604/a000120 · Cited by 5
Emotional affection on a sustained attention task: The importance the aging process and depression
Pinel, L., Nieto, M. Á. P., Redondo, M., Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, L., León, F. G., & León, L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234405 · Cited by 6
Testing a Novel Web-Based Neurocognitive Battery in the General Community: Validation and Usability Study
Capizzi, R., Fisher, M., Biagianti, B., Ghiasi, N., Currie, A., Fitzpatrick, K., Albertini, N., & Vinogradov, S. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25082 · Cited by 4
“The slowing of processing speed with age has also been well documented [41,42].”
Modelos de procesamiento sintáctico y sus implicaciones para el estudio del lenguaje / Syntactic processing models and their implications for the study of language
Stetie, N. A. (2021) · Revista de Estudos da Linguagem · doi:10.17851/2237-2083.29.3.2117-1262 · Cited by 4
“Dentro de las primeras, se encuentran explicaciones vinculadas a la memoria de trabajo (GIBSON, 2000; SWETS et al., 2007), al control inhibitorio (NOVICK; TRUESWELL; THOMPSON-SCHILL, 2010; VAN DYKE; JOHNS; KUKONA, 2014); y a la velocidad de procesamiento (CAPLAN et al., 2011; SALTHOUSE, 1996).”
Background
Are you more impulsive with age? Examining age, marital status, and gender on cognitive ageing
MacKinnon-Lee, K.-A., & Bahr, M. (2022) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2022.2029741 · Cited by 4
“Under the generalized model, the brain as a whole system is subject to aging; accumulation of amyloid plaque, attacking neurological structures unsystematically, has been suggested to primarily influence widespread cognitive aging (Hardy & Selkoe, 2002; Salthouse, 1996).”
Aging and strategy switch costs: A study in arithmetic problem solving
Ardiale, É., Hodzik, S., & Lemaire, P. (2012) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.123.0345 · Cited by 40
On the Influence of Aging on Classification Performance in the Visual EEG Oddball Paradigm Using Statistical and Temporal Features
Omejc, N., Peskar, M., Miladinović, A., Kavcic, V., Džeroski, S., & Marušič, U. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13020391 · Cited by 4
A Conceptual Model for Meeting the Needs of Adult Learners in Distance Education and E-Learning
Fensie, A. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning (iJAC) · doi:10.3991/ijac.v16i2.35729 · Cited by 8
Hybridizing conversational and clear speech
Kusumoto, A., Kain, A. B., Hosom, J.-P., et al. (2007) · Interspeech (USB) · doi:10.21437/interspeech.2007-190 · Cited by 4
“Elderly listeners often have an especially hard time understanding speech in noise or under distracting conditions [ 1 ].”
Background
Mejora de la memoria en personas mayores: Variables a tener en cuenta
Tous, C. M. (2008) · Papeles del Psicólogo - Psychologist Papers · Cited by 4
LISTENING TO FAST SPEECH: AGING AND SENTENCE CONTEXT
Janse, E., der Werff, M. V., & Quené, H. (2007) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 4
Is there a decline in verbal working memory over age? A study with the new standard computerized reading span test
van den Noort, M. W. M. L., Haverkort, M., Bosch, M. P. C., et al. (2006) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · Cited by 4
Images of the Cognitive Brain Across Age and Culture
Goh, J. O. S., & Huang, C.-M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/23944 · Cited by 4
“The speed at which information is processed (Salthouse, 1996), the capacity of working memory (Park et al.”
Background
Five-Rule Effects in Young and Older Adults’ Arithmetic: Further Evidence for Age-Related Differences in Strategy Selection
Lemaire, P., & Lecacheur, M. (2004) · Current psychology letters · doi:10.4000/cpl.412 · Cited by 4
“It is possible that, given well-known decreased processing resources with age (e.g., Salthouse, 1996) and previous findings of Duverne and Lemaire (2003) on split effects, older adults are less able to calibrate their strategy choices so as to choose each strategy when it works best on each problem.”
Memória e inteligência em avaliação psicológica pericial
Rueda, M., & Javier, F. (2006) · Psic: revista da Vetor Editora · Cited by 4
Listening to Spoken Text: Adult Age Differences as Revealed by Self-paced Listening
Little, D. M., Prentice, K. J., Darrow, A. W., et al. (2005) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730590948203 · Cited by 4
“Given the additional processing time needed by a generally slower processing system associated with normal aging (Salthouse, 1996; Wingfield, Tun, Koh, & Rosen, 1999), it is surprising that in this and a prior study using discourse length passages (Titone et al., 2000), we have found this…”
Background

Authors: Salthouse, T. A.
Affiliations: Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Salthouse, Timothy A.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996
Volume: 103
Issue: 3
Pages: 403-428
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.403
OpenAlex: W2039752037
Semantic Scholar: 8ed819fe682efc79801d73e6343885be23d36fb8
Cited by: 5,902
References: 113
Citations by year: 2026: 269 · 2025: 251 · 2024: 232 · 2023: 214 · 2022: 217 · 2021: 273 · 2020: 240 · 2019: 296 · 2018: 280 · 2017: 273 · 2016: 284 · 2015: 309 · 2014: 267 · 2013: 266 · 2012: 283
FWCI: 81.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R37AG006826)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: processing speed, age differences in cognition, fluid intelligence, cognitive aging
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Attention, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time

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The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition

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