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The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition
Abstract
Advancing adult age is associated with reduced processing speed, which constrains cognitive performance.
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“even healthy older adults experience age-related declines across multiple facets of cognition (Park & Shaw, 1992; Park et al., 1996; Salthouse, 1996; Salthouse & Babcock, 1991)”
From Training Older Adults to Use Tablet Computers: Does It Enhance Cognitive Function? (2016) · cites this paper as Salthouse, 1996
In the citing paper
“age-related changes in speed of information processing will constrain performance in timelimited decisions”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Salthouse, 1996
In the citing paper
“Differential susceptibility to coordinative demands may also help to explain why life-span age differences in marker tests of fluid intelligence such as Raven's matrices tend to persist when participants are given unlimited amounts of time to solve the items”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Salthouse, 1996
In the citing paper
“It follows a U-shaped trajectory over the lifespan, with differences in processing speed between younger and older adults being among the most widely replicated effects in the domain of cognitive aging (Salthouse 1996).”
From Hearing Impairment and Cognitive Energy: The Framework for Understanding Effortful Listening (FUEL) (2016) · cites this paper as Salthouse 1996
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The Role of Sensory Function in Processing Speed and Working Memory Aging
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“…studies confirmed that processing speed and sensory function were the two most basic mechanisms that could explain a large portion of the age-related variance in cognitive function (Anstey, Luszcz, & Sanchez, 2001; Baltes & Lindenberger, 1997; Lindenberger & Baltes, 1994; Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSpatial layout extrapolation in aging: underlying cognitive and executive mechanisms
Ménétrier, E., Iralde, L., & Bohec, L. L. (2019) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2019.1634663 · Cited by 3
“This latter factor is known to have an important heuristic value to explain cognitive difficulties linked to age (e.g., Salthouse, 1996) as it has been shown, for instance, that a slow-down in processing speed enhances the interference effect in the Stroop test (Verhaeghen & De Meersman, 1998).”
BackgroundDoes Exercise Improve False Episodic Memory in Dementia?
Ogoh, S., Hashimoto, T., & Ando, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8111829 · Cited by 3
Does age affect medial prefrontal functions? A behavioral investigation.
Iveson, M. H., Sala, S. D., & MacPherson, S. E. (2019) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/pne0000194 · Cited by 3
“Crucially, such studies of MPFC functioning have relied on reaction time measures to support their hypotheses, but these are somewhat biased by their dependence on processing speed which is known to be affected by age (Salthouse, 1996).”
The functional activities questionnaire
Bezdíček, O. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818000-6.00027-5 · Cited by 3
Classon, E., van den Hurk, W., Wressle, E., Rehn, I., & Johansson, M. M. (2021) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2021.1922585 · Cited by 7
“Reduced speed in one or all of the required operations, which also affects the necessary ability to rapidly carry them out simultaneously, sets a ceiling to performance (Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundFactor structure and clinical applicability of new semantic tasks in Alzheimer’s disease and aphasia
Luotonen, I., Karrasch, M., Korpilahti, P., et al. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1986511 · Cited by 3
“As discussed above, general processing speed might have an impact on the Time factor, and aging is related to a slower processing speed (Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundEffects of Age and Uncertainty on the Visual Speech Benefit in Noise
Beadle, J., Kim, J., & Davis, C. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00495 · Cited by 3
Samrani, G., Lundquist, A., & Pudas, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.797387 · Cited by 3
“Standardized effect sizes ranging from 0.5 to 1 have been reported for xthese measures when comparing middle-aged with young adults (Schaie, 1989; Salthouse, 1996; Stark et al., 2013; Cansino et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialIs Early Bilingual Experience Associated with Greater Fluid Intelligence in Adults?
D’Souza, D., & Dakhch, Y. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7020100 · Cited by 5
Research Progress on Cognitive Function and Intervention of the Elderly
贾, 莹. (2022) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2022.125217 · Cited by 3
Associative-memory deficit as a function of age and stimuli serial position
Guez, J., Saar‐Ashkenazy, R., & Poznanski, Y. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268557 · Cited by 3
Golub, E. M., Conner, B., Edwards, M. M., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23427 · Cited by 3
“, 2000) and speed of processing (Salthouse, 1996) observed in humans and other primates.”
BackgroundHollinshead, M. G., Botchway, A., Schmidt, K., Weybright, G. L., Zec, R. F., Ala, T. A., Kohlrus, S. R., Hoffman, M. R., Fifer, A. S., Hascup, E. R., et al. (2022) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/23337214221130157 · Cited by 3
“…age and cognitive decline after controlling for gender and education; two demographic variables that are known to influence neuropsychological functioning (An et al., 2018; Cohen et al., 2016; Lezak et al., 2012; Riordan, 2017; Sachs et al., 2020; Salthouse, 1996, 2011; Zimmerman et al., 2021).”
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Daniela, L. (2022) · Educational communications and technology: issues and innovations · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14775-3_1 · Cited by 4
Naefgen, C., Blech, C., Kriechbaumer, M., Haider, H., Ram, N., & Gaschler, R. (2023) · Methods in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.metip.2023.100110 · Cited by 3
Corlier, F. W., & Eich, T. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1020915 · Cited by 3
“In support of the latter, many studies suggest that declines in processing speed, attentional resources and executive functions are responsible for the memory impairment in older adults (Mcdowd and Craik, 1988; Salthouse, 1996; Tsang, 1998; Verhaeghen and Cerella, 2002; Craik and Salthouse, 2011).”
ResultInfluence of physical activity on cognitive functions - Potential mechanisms and benefits
Dwojaczny, B., & Bejtka, M. (2023) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.13.03.026 · Cited by 8
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Aging attenuated theta response during multistable perception
Küçük, K. M., Mathes, B., Schmiedt‐Fehr, C., & Başar‐Eroğlu, C. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14286 · Cited by 3
Memišević, H., Dedic, A., & Maleč, D. (2023) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125231181297 · Cited by 3
“According to the processing-speed theory proposed by Salthouse (1996), advancing age is linked to a decline in the rate at which basic mental operations can be performed.”
MethodSalisbury, D. L., Maxfield, M., Joseph, R. P., Coon, D. W., Wang, J., Li, J., & Yu, F. (2023) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2022-0313 · Cited by 4
Adding Sound Transparency to a Spacesuit: Effect on Cognitive Performance in Females
Berengueres, J. O. L., AlKuwaiti, M., Abduljabbar, M., & Taher, F. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1109/ojemb.2023.3288740 · Cited by 3
“Age can have a significant impact on cognitive performance, with research suggesting changes in cognitive abilities, such as processing speed, working memory, and problemsolving, over the course of one’s lifetime [25], [26].”
BackgroundA new rationalist account of the development of false-belief understanding
Antilici, F. (2023) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-023-01986-8 · Cited by 3
Hui, C. L. M., Wong, C. C. L., Chan, E. W. T., Suen, Y. N., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Chang, W. C., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115487 · Cited by 3
Effects of age on the interactions of attentional and emotional processes: a prefrontal fNIRS study
Yeung, M. K.-C. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2311799 · Cited by 3
“Because alerting allows an optimal state of vigilance to be applied and maintained during a task (Petersen & Posner, 2012), the age-related decline in alerting may underlie the slower processing speed consistently observed across cognitive tasks in older adults (Salthouse, 1996).”
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Cognitive differences of younger and older adults in skeuomorphic or flat icons
Wu, Z., Bao, Y. D., & Jin, T. (2025) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2025.2501249 · Cited by 3
“…and memory processing. the processing speed theory indicates that the speed at which information is processed significantly decreases with age (salthouse 1996), and the slowing down of processing speed is a key factor contributing to the decrease in cognitive ability among older adults (Ganor…”
Fleck, C., Wiig, E. H., & Corwin, M. (2014) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9743-6 · Cited by 3
“The processing-speed theory (Salthouse 1985, 1991, 1996, 2004) is cited most often to explain the cognitive aging phenomenon.”
MethodMaze test: an instrument to evaluate age-related cognitive and motor changes in humans
Sousa, D. E., de Oliveira, D. C., & Campos, T. F. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.5335/rbceh.2012.3015 · Cited by 3
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Price, J. (2017) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2017.1333835 · Cited by 3
“Soderstrom and McCabe (2011) found that point values influenced younger adults’ judgments of learning (JOLs) and study time allocation decisions when studying word pairs.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffects of Aging on General and Specific Memory for Impressions
Limbert, M. J., Coleman, J. A., & Gutchess, A. H. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.109 · Cited by 3
“…memory; social memory; person memory; emotional memory Despite a large body of research documenting memory declines with age (Park et al., 2002; Salthouse, 1996; Zacks, Hasher, & Li, 2000), recent work suggests exceptions to the pattern of age-related decline in socioemotional domains,…”
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Cognition, Motivation, and Lifespan Development
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“Cognitive decline across the age span has been attributed to reductions in processing speed (Salthouse, 1996, 2000) or cognitive flexibility (Lövdén et al., 2010), strategic biases (Starns and Ratcliff, 2010), or deficits in set-shifting ability (Ridderinkhof et al., 2002).”
MethodInformation-based processing time affected by human age: An objective parameters-based model
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Cognitive segmentation and fluid reasoning in childhood
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“, 2008; Engle, 2010; Kyllonen & Christal, 1990) and processing speed (Jungeblut et al., 2021; Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialCharacterizing older adults’ real world memory function using ecologically valid approaches
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The role of warnings in younger and older adults’ retrieval-induced forgetting
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“However, even with warnings, it remained possible that older adults’ slower speed of processing (Salthouse, 1996) or reduced executive control (Salthouse & Babcock, 1991) could decrease their ability to design and use a strategy (i.”
BackgroundAgeing and Visual Orienting in Response to Complex Spatial Cues
Lambert, A. J., & Holmes, J. (2004) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1375/brim.5.2.117.58255 · Cited by 3
“An explanation of this kind would certainly be consistent with theoretical views which attribute age differences in cognition to age-related decline in processing speed (Salthouse, 1996).”
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The Effects of Processing Speed and Memory Span on Working Memory
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Alcoholism, Aging, and Cognition: A Review of Evidence for Shared or Independent Impairments
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Does education influence visuo-spatial and verbal immediate serial recall in healthy older adults?
Fastame, M. C., Hitchcott, P. K., & Penna, M. P. (2014) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-014-0099-3 · Cited by 3
Aging effects on the ERP correlates of involuntary attentional capture in speech sound analysis
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La memoria durante el envejecimiento
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Os efeitos da idade na seleção de carga perceptual
de Sousa, V. C., & Rossini, J. C. (2011) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s0102-37722011000200009 · Cited by 3
“Uma questão a ser investigada é se o efeito no tempo de reação pode ser atribuído apenas a uma lentidão geral no processamento, característico em idades mais avançadas (Salthouse, 1996) ou se os padrões observados de processamento são específicos às grupos etários investigados (West, 1996).”
BackgroundFrom Neuroplasticity to Scaffolding
Ewing, G. (2012) · International Journal of User-Driven Healthcare · doi:10.4018/ijudh.2012040104 · Cited by 3
“Falling processing speed (Salthouse, 1996), auditory and visual decline (Baltes & Lindenberger, 1997), the decline in grey matter (due to volume shrinkage, particularly in the hippocampus) and white matter integrity, with increasing evidence of white matter hyperintensities affecting…”
BackgroundEstudos Clínicos Iniciais com o Teste de Discriminação de Listas (TDL-UFMG)
Haase, V. G., Lacerda, S. S., Wood, G. M. D. O., Daker, M. V., & Lana–Peixoto, M. A. (2001) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722001000200005 · Cited by 3
Buratto, L. G., Zimmermann, N., Ferré, P., Joanette, Y., Fonseca, R. P., & Stein, L. M. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.07.002 · Cited by 3
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Haase, V. G., Lacerda, S. S., Lima, E. D. P., & Lana–Peixoto, M. A. (2005) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.1590/s1413-294x2005000200017 · Cited by 3
“Pesquisas conduzidas por Salthouse (1996) indicam, por exemplo, que a lentificação no processamento de informação pode explicar mais de 90% da variância observada no envelhecimento cognitivo.”
BackgroundCognitive Complaints in Patients with Fibromyalgia Versus Older-Aged Women: Case Control Study
iliser, B. K. R. (2015) · African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4172/psychiatry.1000242 · Cited by 3
“This evidence is consistent with the findings in the literature and in many studies this pattern of the results have been shown to be consistent with impairment in a particular kind of cognitive ability called executive control that resulted into disability in particularly managing multiple tasks and switching attenti…”
ResultDaCosta_Boaventura_200805_PhD-3319235.pdf
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“Les personnes âgées sont en particulier plus vulnérables lors de tels événements car on observe généralement un ralentissement de la vitesse de traitement de l’information [17] et une réaction plus lente aux événements imprévus [18].”
Genetic Influences on Midlife Functioning
Pedersen, N. L., Spotts, E. L., & Kato, K. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452225999.n3 · Cited by 3
“The processing-speed theory (Birren, 1964; Salthouse, 1996) posits that cognitive aging results from generalized slowing of perceptual and cognitive processes.”
BackgroundThe Use of Gesturing to Facilitate Older Adults’ Learning from Computer-Based Dynamic Visualizations
Ouwehand, K., van Gog, T., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-1966-1.ch003 · Cited by 4
“Normal aging has been associated with agerelated changes in cognitive functioning, such as a decline in; WM functioning (Celnik, et al., 2005; Park, et al., 2002), the speed with which information is processed (Salthouse, 1996), and associative memory (for a review, see Old & Naveh-Benjamin, 2008).”
BackgroundThe Chronic Exercise–Cognition Interaction in Older Adults
Voelcker‐Rehage, C., Niemann, C., & Godde, B. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800778-5.00014-1 · Cited by 3
Lifespan Changes in the Countermanding Performance of Young and Middle Aged Adult Rats
Beuk, J., Beninger, R. J., & Paré, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00190 · Cited by 3
“RT lengthening later in the human lifespan has been proposed to result from impaired information processing speed and executive dysfunction (Salthouse, 1996; Albinet et al., 2012) or simply a preference for accuracy over speed (Ratcliff et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPerceptual processing deficits underlying reduced FFOV efficiency in older adults
Power, G. F., & Conlon, E. G. (2017) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/17.1.4 · Cited by 3
“…of the FFOV of older adults reflects poor topdown control or reduced capacity for bottom-up attention, or is independent of these mechanisms and attributable to some other factor such as general cognitive slowing (Salthouse, 1996; Yamani, McCarley, & Kramer, 2015), has not been fully determined.”
BackgroundPiskunowicz, M., Linkowska, K., Gołota, S., Grzybowski, T., Kędziora–Kornatowska, K., & Borkowska, A. (2017) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415017724548 · Cited by 3
“It has been hypothesized that a drop in the processing speed could be the main cause of age-related cognitive deficits that become visible in more complex tasks (Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundWatson, A., Joyce, E. M., Fugard, A. J. B., Leeson, V. C., Barnes, T. R. E., & Huddy, V. C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.003 · Cited by 3
“individual can perform any cognitive operation” (Salthouse, 1996) and is usually measured as the number of correct responses achieved on a task within a given time.”
BackgroundIshino, T., Ragaee, M. A., Maruhashi, T., Kajikawa, M., Higashi, Y., Sonoyama, T., Takeno, S., & Hirakawa, K. (2017) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000507 · Cited by 3
Self-initiated spatial working memory in young and older adults
Milchgrub, G., & Magen, H. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1402938 · Cited by 3
“…in strategic encoding, several other processes have been put forward to explain the age-related declines in WM, including speed of processing (e.g., Salthouse, 1996) and a decline in associative memory (i.e., binding between different items in the memory display) (e.g., Chalfonte & Johnson, 1996;…”
BackgroundРазумникова, О. М., & Volf, N. V. (2018) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-018-0586-4 · Cited by 3
“Two models are widely used for interpreting study results on changes in cognitive functions in aging and their neurophysiological correlates: process rate theory [Salthouse, 1996] and prefrontal executive control theory [West, 1996].”
BackgroundMethodSpeed but not amplitude of visual feedback exacerbates force variability in older adults
Kim, C., Yacoubi, B. E., & Christou, E. A. (2018) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-018-5317-0 · Cited by 3
Brain-Training Games Help Prevent Cognitive Decline in Older Adults
Ballesteros, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95495-0_12 · Cited by 3
Véliz, M., Riffo, B., Salas-Herrera, J. L., & Roa-Ureta, R. H. (2018) · Alpha Revista de Artes Letras y Filosofía · doi:10.4067/s0718-22012018000100175 · Cited by 3
Comprehension of Complex Sentences in The Persian-Speaking Patients With Aphasia
Shiani, A., Joghataei, M. T., Ashayeri, H., et al. (2018) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.9.10.185 · Cited by 3
“Thus, most individuals may judge non-canonical structures based on the ordinary form of sentence which needs more attention to distinguish the unusual form of the sentence (Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundMartin, J. K., & Gorenstein, M. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6231-8.10028-5 · Cited by 3
Design the Technological Society for an Aging Population
McLaughlin, A. C., Pryor, M., & Feng, J. (2019) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7949-6.ch010 · Cited by 3
Dyslexia-related impairments in sequence learning predict linguistic abilities
Wenande, B., Een, E., & Petok, J. R. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102903 · Cited by 3
Neuroticism Predicts Reasoning Performance in Young but Not Older Adults
Pearman, A. M. (2020) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2020.1743615 · Cited by 3
“…theories about the cause of these age-related decrements in reasoning ability, including processing speed deficits (e.g., Hertzog & Bleckley, 2001; Salthouse, 1996), working memory problems (e.g., (Sϋβ, Oberauer, Wittmann, Wilhelm, & Schulze, 2002), and age-related degradation of the frontal…”
BackgroundGkotzamanis, V., Koliopanos, G., Niubo, A. S., Olaya, B., Caballero, F. F., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Chatterji, S., Haro, J. M., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11040357 · Cited by 4
“Consequently, processing speed is regarded a fundamental part of the cognitive system and it has been suggested that it is the reduction of this speed that mainly contributes to the impairment of cognitive functioning that is associated with age [6].”
BackgroundShin, S. H. (2021) · The Journal of the Economics of Ageing · doi:10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100327 · Cited by 5
Pukrop, R., & Klosterkötter, J. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0785-0_4 · Cited by 3
Kozow, L., Pupe, C., & Nascimento, O. J. M. (2022) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1758455 · Cited by 3
Neuro-Ophthalmic Syndromes and Processing Speed in Multiple Sclerosis
Costa, S. L., Gonçalves, Ó. F., Chiaravalloti, N. D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000000272 · Cited by 3
“This is consistent with the Salthouse theory of the limited time mechanisms (26), which postulates that the amount of available time to perform later operations is restricted when a large allocation of resources is involved in the execution of previous operations.”
ResultThe psychometric properties of the lifetime experience questionnaire (LEQ) in older American adults
Gonzales, C. (2012) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 3
Karzmark, P., & Deutsch, G. K. (2017) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2017.1286347 · Cited by 3
“Processing speed has been found to have a limiting and constraining effect on cognition and IADLs in general (Owsley, Sloane, McGwin, & Ball, 2002; Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundAl-Qahtani, A. A. (2018) · doi:10.5220/0008682601730177 · Cited by 3
“It is interesting to observe that the capacity of sensory memory is measured by time not by space or quantity (Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundWingfield, A., & Tun, P. A. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-46902-2_2 · Cited by 3
Cognitive aging research using the internet : four case studies
Maylor, E. A., & Reimers, S. J. (2007) · University of Warwick · doi:10.82444/warw.33600325 · Cited by 3
Socioemotional Perspectives on Adult Development
Stanley, J. T., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118392966.ch12 · Cited by 3
USE-IT-OR-LOSE-IT: INVESTIGATING THE COGNITIVE RESERVE HYPOTHESIS AND USE-DEPENDENCY THEORY
Almond, N. M. (2010) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 3
Food perception and food liking with age
Kremer, S. (2006) · doi:10.18174/30015 · Cited by 3
“Neural responses generally slow down with aging (Salthouse & Lichty, 1985; Salthouse, 1996) and this might be accompanied by an increased persistence of the stimulus in the neural representation (Cremer & Zeef, 1987; Raz et al.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Salthouse, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Salthouse, Timothy A.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 403-428
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2039752037
- Semantic Scholar
- 8ed819fe682efc79801d73e6343885be23d36fb8
- Cited by
- 5,902
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 269 · 2025: 251 · 2024: 232 · 2023: 214 · 2022: 217 · 2021: 273 · 2020: 240 · 2019: 296 · 2018: 280 · 2017: 273 · 2016: 284 · 2015: 309 · 2014: 267 · 2013: 266 · 2012: 283
- FWCI
- 81.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37AG006826)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- processing speed, age differences in cognition, fluid intelligence, cognitive aging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Attention, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time
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