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The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition
Abstract
Advancing adult age is associated with reduced processing speed, which constrains cognitive performance.
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“even healthy older adults experience age-related declines across multiple facets of cognition (Park & Shaw, 1992; Park et al., 1996; Salthouse, 1996; Salthouse & Babcock, 1991)”
From Training Older Adults to Use Tablet Computers: Does It Enhance Cognitive Function? (2016) · cites this paper as Salthouse, 1996
In the citing paper
“age-related changes in speed of information processing will constrain performance in timelimited decisions”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Salthouse, 1996
In the citing paper
“Differential susceptibility to coordinative demands may also help to explain why life-span age differences in marker tests of fluid intelligence such as Raven's matrices tend to persist when participants are given unlimited amounts of time to solve the items”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Salthouse, 1996
In the citing paper
“It follows a U-shaped trajectory over the lifespan, with differences in processing speed between younger and older adults being among the most widely replicated effects in the domain of cognitive aging (Salthouse 1996).”
From Hearing Impairment and Cognitive Energy: The Framework for Understanding Effortful Listening (FUEL) (2016) · cites this paper as Salthouse 1996
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“An overlapping of declined timing and deteriorated cognition has been reported in many clinical groups, including normal elderly population (Salthouse, 1996, 2009; Szelag et al., 2011; Teixeira et al., 2013).”
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“Therefore, declines in processing speed which is dependent on prefrontal cortex integrity likely affects other cognitive processes cognitive (Salthouse, 1996).”
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“At a domain-general cognitive level, earlier research has reported decreased processing speed in older adults (Salthouse, 1996; Salami et al., 2012; Salthouse, 2011; Bennett and Madden, 2014).”
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“…the ability to exclude irrelevant information from information processing, to update working memory in the presence of new information, and to switch between different tasks (Li, H ¨ ammerer, Müller, Hommel & Lindenberger, 2009; Li et al., 2004; Salthouse, 1996; Uylings & Brabander, 2002).”
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“Cognitive load—the mental effort required to process information—is a key determinant of decision quality, especially among older adults who may face age-related declines in working memory and processing speed (Salthouse, 1996; Sweller, 1988).”
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Lindsey, H. M., Rath, J. F., Bushnik, T. L., Flanagan, S. R., Lazar, M., & Voelbel, G. T. (2026) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1177/08977151251414085 · Cited by 1
“33 Large-scale CCR trials utilizing processing speed training have demonstrated long-term maintenance of near transfer effects for up to 5 years, 28,29,34 and these bene fi ts have been shown to broadly extend to everyday quality of life, 35,36 resilience to depression, 36 con fi dence for…”
Influencing factors of continuance intention of medical applications for the elderly
Huang, T., Cai, W., Lu, T., & Huang, C. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-40494-7 · Cited by 3
“…learning and using complex medical applications, which is particularly prominent for elderly users whose cognitive abilities are gradually changing 59 ; (2) Privacy risk sacrifice: The potential risk of privacy leakage when providing personal health information constitutes an important…”
Zheng, J., Silvennoinen, J. M., & Kujala, T. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2026.103799 · Cited by 1
Correlates of daily memory lapses in older adults: results from an intensive-longitudinal study
Hülür, G., Hartung, J., Mogle, J. A., et al. (2026) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbag035 · Cited by 1
Mei, S., Zheng, C., Liang, L., Kiyum, M., Fei, J., Yuan, T., Wang, H., Gao, J., & Lin, X. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07345-6 · Cited by 1
“This change limits the exertion of higher-level cognitive functions, which in turn easily leads to a gradual decline in cognitive ability [42].”
Canino, S., Torchia, V., Dolce, E., Ruffo, I., Iona, T., Raimo, S., & Palermo, L. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330317 · Cited by 1
“Indeed, several studies have suggested a regular decline in several cognitive skills (e.g., speed of processing, working memory, and long-term memory) starting from the 20s (see [30–32]), including interoceptive processing (for an overview see [27]).”
The drive–capacity model: a systems biology framework for midlife female sexual function
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Metadata
- Authors
- Salthouse, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Salthouse, Timothy A.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 403-428
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2039752037
- Semantic Scholar
- 8ed819fe682efc79801d73e6343885be23d36fb8
- Cited by
- 5,902
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 269 · 2025: 251 · 2024: 232 · 2023: 214 · 2022: 217 · 2021: 273 · 2020: 240 · 2019: 296 · 2018: 280 · 2017: 273 · 2016: 284 · 2015: 309 · 2014: 267 · 2013: 266 · 2012: 283
- FWCI
- 81.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37AG006826)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- processing speed, age differences in cognition, fluid intelligence, cognitive aging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Attention, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reaction Time
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