The DOI matches its Crossref record; 112 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory
Abstract
The two-process theory of detection, search, and attention presented by Schneider and Shiffrin is tested and extended in a series of experiments. The studies demonstrate the qualitative difference between two modes of information processing: automatic detection and controlled search. They trace the course of the learning of automatic detection, of categories, and of automaticattention responses. They show the dependence of automatic detection on attending responses and demonstrate how such responses interrupt controlled processing and interfere with the focusing of attention. The learning of categories is shown to improve controlled search performance. A general framework for human information processing is proposed; the framework emphasizes the roles of automatic and controlled processing. The theory is compared to and contrasted with extant models of search and attention.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The transformation of declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge involves a transition from controlled processing, which requires a great deal of attention and use of short-term memory, to automatic processing, which operates on automatised procedures stored in long-term memory (Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Research on form-focused instruction in immersion classrooms: implications for theory and practice (2004) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977
In the citing paper
“Since they requires conscious attention, controlled processes use working memory capacity and so are constrained by the capacity limitations of this system (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977
In the citing paper
“Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) showed that an adult's ability to discriminate letters from numbers is automatic.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider (1977)
In the citing paper
“It seems that with extensive practise, certain processes become automatic, that is they demand few if any attentional and processing resources (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977
In the citing paper
“For example, Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) observed that if a participant was using automatic processes to search for a target in a visual search task, if circumstances such as the definition of a target or the type of stimuli used as distracter variables altered, nearly 1000 trials were required to regain the initial performance level of the participants.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider (1977)
Citations
Cites
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566
Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203267 · Cited by 7,230
Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3 · Cited by 7,216
Self-citationEgeth, H. E., & Kahneman, D. J. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421603 · Cited by 6,976
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory
(2010) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-62209-1 · Cited by 6,035
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
Self-citationSome Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears
Cherry, E. C. (1953) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.1907229 · Cited by 4,774
Lane, S. D. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315506173-8 · Cited by 4,707
Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory
Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268 · Cited by 4,121
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,059
The uncertain response in humans and animals
Smith, J. D. (1997) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(96)00726-3 · Cited by 181
Why Observing Violence Increases the Risk of Violent Behavior By the Observer
Huesmann, L. R., & Kirwil, L. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816840.029 · Cited by 176
Attention and Preattention in Theories of Automaticity
Logan, G. D. (1992) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423031 · Cited by 175
Coding of spatial location information: An automatic process?
Naveh‐Benjamin, M. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.13.4.595 · Cited by 179
Chronometric Evidence for two Types of Attention
Johnston, J. C., McCann, R., & Remington, R. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00527.x · Cited by 189
Active and Dynamic Self-Regulation of Learning Processes
Iran‐Nejad, A. (1990) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543060004573 · Cited by 180
Differential Effects of Aging on Executive and Automatic Inhibition
Andrés, P., Guerrini, C., Phillips, L. H., & Perfect, T. J. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640701884212 · Cited by 201
Creative Automatization: Principles for Promoting Fluency within a Communicative Framework
Gatbonton, E., & Segalowitz, N. S. (1988) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587290 · Cited by 186
Touron, D. R., & Hertzog, C. K. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.452 · Cited by 174
Alkon, D. L., Amaral, D. G., Bear, M. F., Black, J., Carew, T. J., Cohen, N. J., Disterhoft, J. F., Eichenbaum, H., Golski, S., Gorman, L. K., et al. (1991) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(91)90005-s · Cited by 212
Doing two things at once: The role of temporal compatibility
Klapp, S. T. (1979) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196942 · Cited by 174
The regulation of cognitive control following rostral anterior cingulate cortex lesion in humans
di Pellegrino, G., Ciaramelli, E., & Làdavas, E. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.275 · Cited by 169
The Psychology of Experts An Alternative View
Shanteau, J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-34290-0_2 · Cited by 177
Wiggins, M. W., & O’Hare, D. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037//1076-898x.1.4.305 · Cited by 173
Spatial ability, experience, and skill in laparoscopic surgery
Keehner, M., Tendick, F., Meng, M. V., Anwar, H. P., Hegarty, M., Stoller, M. L., & Duh, Q. (2004) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2003.12.059 · Cited by 173
Effects of Mood on Evaluative Judgements: Influence of Reduced Processing Capacity and Mood Salience
Siemer, M., & Reisenzein, R. (1998) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379439 · Cited by 173
Tremlin, T. (2006) · doi:10.1093/0195305345.001.0001 · Cited by 173
Automaticity, Resources, and Memory: Theoretical Controversies and Practical Implications
Logan, G. D. (1988) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872088803000504 · Cited by 177
Selective attention and the suppression of cognitive noise.
Neill, W. T., & Westberry, R. L. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.13.2.327 · Cited by 173
Ackerman, P. L. (1986) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(86)90010-3 · Cited by 173
Attending to multiple sources of information: I. The integration of information in decision making
Shaw, M. L. (1982) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90014-7 · Cited by 173
Saying no to unwanted thoughts: Self-focus and the regulation of mental life.
Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Milne, A. B. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.578 · Cited by 171
Psychological antecedents to socially responsible behavior
Crilly, D., Schneider, S. C., & Zollo, M. (2008) · European Management Review · doi:10.1057/emr.2008.15 · Cited by 176
A normative study on visual reaction times and two Stroop colour-word tests
Barbarotto, R., Laiacona, M., Frosio, R., Vecchio, M., Farinato, A., & Capitani, E. (1998) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf00831566 · Cited by 172
Hemisphere dynamics in lexical access: Automatic and controlled priming
Chiarello, C. (1985) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(85)90034-3 · Cited by 172
The Maltese cross: A new simplistic model for memory
Broadbent, D. E. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00026121 · Cited by 172
Cultural variation in management of attention by children and their caregivers.
Chavajay, P., & Rogoff, B. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.35.4.1079 · Cited by 171
Category and word search: Generalizing search principles to complex processing.
Fisk, A. D., & Schneider, W. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.9.2.177 · Cited by 171
Self-citationAn inhibition-based fan effect: Evidence for an active suppression mechanism in selective attention.
Neumann, E., & DeSchepper, B. G. (1992) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0084309 · Cited by 171
The Formula for a Successful Laparoscopic Skills Curriculum
Stefanidis, D. (2009) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.2008.528 · Cited by 170
Alignment in second language dialogue
Costa, A., Pickering, M. J., & Sorace, A. (2008) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960801920545 · Cited by 167
d’Ydewalle, G., Praet, C., Verfaillie, K., & Rensbergen, J. V. (1991) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365091018005005 · Cited by 170
Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain
Debarnot, U., Sperduti, M., Rienzo, F. D., & Guillot, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00280 · Cited by 187
Pressley, M. G., Forrest-Pressley, D.-L., Elliott-Faust, D. J., & Miller, G. E. (1985) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9544-7_1 · Cited by 169
A cognitive complexity metric applied to cognitive development
Andrews, G., & Halford, G. S. (2002) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0010-0285(02)00002-6 · Cited by 170
Controlling Stroop interference: Evidence from a bilingual task.
Tzelgov, J., Henik, A., & Leiser, D. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.16.5.760 · Cited by 170
Distorted cognition and pathological anxiety in children and adolescents
Muris, P., & Field, A. P. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701843450 · Cited by 207
Francis, A. L., Kaganovich, N., & Driscoll-Huber, C. (2008) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.2945161 · Cited by 169
Zhai, S., & Kristensson, P. O. (2012) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/2330667.2330689 · Cited by 169
Finding faults: How moral dilemmas illuminate cognitive structure
Cushman, F. A., & Greene, J. D. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.614000 · Cited by 184
Country familiarity in the initial stage of foreign market selection
Clark, D. R., Li, D., & Shepherd, D. A. (2017) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-017-0099-3 · Cited by 179
The science of organizational design: fit between structure and coordination
Burton, R. M., & Obel, B. (2018) · Journal of Organization Design · doi:10.1186/s41469-018-0029-2 · Cited by 226
The development of auditory attention in children
Gomes, H. (2000) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/gomes · Cited by 169
Information Processing Models: Microscopes of the Mind
Massaro, D. W., & Cowan, N. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002123 · Cited by 169
Unconscious Influences of Memory: Dissociations and Automaticity
Jacoby, L. L., & Kelley, C. (1992) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-498045-7.50015-3 · Cited by 169
Cognitive factors in clinical research and practice
Hollon, S. D. (1984) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(84)90036-9 · Cited by 168
Bilingual working memory span is affected by language skill
Service, E., Simola, M., Metsänheimo, O., & Maury, S. (2002) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440143000140 · Cited by 170
Awareness, different learning conditions, and second language development
Rosa, E. M., & Leow, R. P. (2004) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716404001134 · Cited by 168
Spectral Analysis of Sinus Arrhythmia: A Measure of Mental Effort
Vicente, K. J., Thornton, D. C., & Moray, N. P. (1987) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872088702900205 · Cited by 168
Hodgkinson, G. P., Maule, A. J., & Bown, N. J. (2004) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428103259556 · Cited by 166
Attention Mechanisms in Visual Search—An fMRI Study
Leonards, U., Sunaert, S. G., Hecke, P. V., & Orban, G. A. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900564073 · Cited by 172
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Insomnia
Perlis, M. L., Smith, M. T., & Pigeon, W. R. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50067-7 · Cited by 167
The worked example effect, the generation effect, and element interactivity.
Chen, O., Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000018 · Cited by 167
Peter Hagoort, A. (1993) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1993.1043 · Cited by 167
The Law of Cognitive Structure Activation
Sedikides, C., & Skowronski, J. J. (1991) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0202_18 · Cited by 167
Fisk, A. D., & Schneider, W. (1981) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872088102300610 · Cited by 167
Self-citationA Pavlovian Analysis of Goal-Directed Behavior.
Rescorla, R. (1987) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.42.2.119 · Cited by 150
Stefanidis, D., Scerbo, M. W., Montero, P. N., Acker, C. E., & Smith, W. D. (2011) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e318220ef31 · Cited by 166
Restructuring versus automaticity: Alternative accounts of skill acquisition.
Cheng, P. W. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.3.414 · Cited by 171
Implicit Motor Learning and Complex Decision Making in Time-Constrained Environments
Masters, R. S. W., Poolton, J., Maxwell, J. P., & Raab, M. (2008) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.3200/jmbr.40.1.71-80 · Cited by 166
Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.026 · Cited by 178
Inside the Planning Fallacy: The Causes and Consequences of Optimistic Time Predictions
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.016 · Cited by 169
Female Nudity, Arousal, and Ad Response: An Experimental Investigation
LaTour, M. S., Pitts, R. E., & Snook-Luther, D. C. (1990) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.1990.10673200 · Cited by 162
Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions.
Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. P. (1995) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.14.2.132 · Cited by 614
Theios, J., & Amrhein, P. C. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.1.5 · Cited by 164
The influence of query interface design on decision-making performance
Speier, C., & Morris, M. G. (2003) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.5555/2017197.2017201 · Cited by 165
Handbook of eyewitness psychology
Lindsay, R. C. L., Toglia, M. P., Ross, D. F., Read, J. D., & Ross, D. F. (2007) · Cited by 166
On the nature of intersensory facilitation of reaction time
Gielen, S. C. A. M., Schmidt, R. A., & van den Heuvel, P. J. M. (1983) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211343 · Cited by 165
How automatic are social judgments?
Winter, L., Uleman, J. S., & Cunniff, C. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.49.4.904 · Cited by 166
Ranta, L., & Lyster, R. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667275.009 · Cited by 169
Wang, Z. (2014) · Task-Based Language Teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.5.02wan · Cited by 164
Computer assisted retraining of attentional impairments in patients with multiple sclerosis
Plohmann, A. M., Kappos, L., Ammann, W., Thordai, A., Wittwer, A., Huber, S., Bellaiche, Y., & Lechner‐Scott, J. (1998) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.64.4.455 · Cited by 170
THE IMPORTANCE OF AUTOMATICITY FOR DEVELOPING EXPERTISE IN READING
Samuels, S. J., & Flor, R. F. (1997) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/1057356970130202 · Cited by 164
Failures of retrieval and comparison constrain change detection in natural scenes.
Hollingworth, A. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.29.2.388 · Cited by 170
Attention in children: A neuropsychologically based model for assessment
Cooley, E. L., & Morris, R. D. (1990) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649009540465 · Cited by 164
Moving Opportunism to the Back Seat: Bounded Rationality, Costly Conflict, and Hierarchical Forms
Foss, N. J., & Weber, L. (2015) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0105 · Cited by 171
Stanovich, K. E. (2012) · The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734689.013.0022 · Cited by 169
Mueller, A. S., & Trick, L. M. (2012) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.03.003 · Cited by 162
Good learners: How top management teams affect the success and frequency of acquisitions
Nadolska, A., & Barkema, H. G. (2013) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2172 · Cited by 167
A Multiple-Entry, Modular Memory System
Johnson, M. K. (1983) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60097-3 · Cited by 164
Processing of lexical ambiguities in aphasia
Milberg, W., Blumstein, S. E., & Dworetzky, B. A. (1987) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(87)90065-4 · Cited by 162
Associations between Errors and Contributing Factors in Aircraft Maintenance
Hobbs, A. N., & Williamson, A. M. (2003) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.45.2.186.27244 · Cited by 173
Pires, L., Leitão, J., Guerrini, C., & Simões, M. R. (2014) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9275-4 · Cited by 171
Female nudity in print advertising: An analysis of gender differences in arousal and Ad response
LaTour, M. S. (1990) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.4220070106 · Cited by 161
The effects of interruptions in work activity: field and laboratory results
Eyrolle, H., & Cellier, J. (2000) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/s0003-6870(00)00019-3 · Cited by 159
Separation of low-level and high-level factors in complex tasks: Visual search.
Geisler, W. S., & Chou, K. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.356 · Cited by 162
Paying attention behind the wheel: a framework for studying the role of attention in driving
Trick, L. M., Enns, J. T., Mills, J. G., & Vavrik, J. (2004) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/14639220412331298938 · Cited by 172
Taylor, K. L., & Dionne, J.-P. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.413 · Cited by 161
Brain Potentials During Selective Attention, Memory Search, and Mental Rotation
Wijers, A. A., Otten, L. J., Feenstra, S., Mulder, G., & Mulder, L. J. M. (1989) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb01951.x · Cited by 161
Loze, G. M., Collins, D., & Holmes, P. S. (2001) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410152475856 · Cited by 160
Chan, K. W., & Wan, E. W. (2011) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.10.0202 · Cited by 162
Conscious Contents Provide the Nervous System with Coherent, Global Information
Baars, B. J. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9317-1_2 · Cited by 163
Automatic and Strategic Processes in Advertising Effects
Grunert, K. (1996) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299606000408 · Cited by 157
Mismatch negativity in children with autism and typical development
Dunn, M. A., Gomes, H., & Gravel, J. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0359-3 · Cited by 159
Dreams and reality monitoring.
Johnson, M. K., Kahan, T. L., & Raye, C. L. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.113.3.329 · Cited by 159
Evidence for a mechanistic model of cognitive control
Casey, B. J., Durston, S., & Fossella, J. A. (2001) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s1566-2772(01)00013-5 · Cited by 156
To Be Aware or Not Aware? What to Think about while Learning and Performing a Motor Skill
Singer, R. N., Lidor, R., & Cauraugh, J. H. (1993) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.7.1.19 · Cited by 149
Control Functions of the Frontal Lobes. Modularity of the Central-Supervisory System?
Godefroy, O., Cabaret, M., Petit-Chenal, V., Pruvo, J.-P., & Rousseaux, M. (1999) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70782-2 · Cited by 141
Dreaming: The Functional State-Shift Hypothesis
Koukkou, M., & Lehmann, D. (1983) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.142.3.221 · Cited by 135
Training-induced behavioral and brain plasticity in inhibitory control.
Spierer, L., Chavan, C. F., & Manuel, A. L. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00427 · Cited by 132
Metadata
- Authors
- Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- ORCID
- Shiffrin, Richard M.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1977-03
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-190
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2156046656
- Cited by
- 7,335
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 126 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 201 · 2019: 299 · 2018: 182 · 2017: 220 · 2016: 224 · 2015: 216 · 2014: 215 · 2013: 183 · 2012: 214
- FWCI
- 29.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- two-process theory, automatic processing, controlled processing, perceptual learning, automatic attention, category learning, interference, information processing model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
