The DOI matches its Crossref record; 112 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory
Abstract
The two-process theory of detection, search, and attention presented by Schneider and Shiffrin is tested and extended in a series of experiments. The studies demonstrate the qualitative difference between two modes of information processing: automatic detection and controlled search. They trace the course of the learning of automatic detection, of categories, and of automaticattention responses. They show the dependence of automatic detection on attending responses and demonstrate how such responses interrupt controlled processing and interfere with the focusing of attention. The learning of categories is shown to improve controlled search performance. A general framework for human information processing is proposed; the framework emphasizes the roles of automatic and controlled processing. The theory is compared to and contrasted with extant models of search and attention.
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“The transformation of declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge involves a transition from controlled processing, which requires a great deal of attention and use of short-term memory, to automatic processing, which operates on automatised procedures stored in long-term memory (Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Research on form-focused instruction in immersion classrooms: implications for theory and practice (2004) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977
In the citing paper
“Since they requires conscious attention, controlled processes use working memory capacity and so are constrained by the capacity limitations of this system (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977
In the citing paper
“Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) showed that an adult's ability to discriminate letters from numbers is automatic.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider (1977)
In the citing paper
“It seems that with extensive practise, certain processes become automatic, that is they demand few if any attentional and processing resources (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977
In the citing paper
“For example, Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) observed that if a participant was using automatic processes to search for a target in a visual search task, if circumstances such as the definition of a target or the type of stimuli used as distracter variables altered, nearly 1000 trials were required to regain the initial performance level of the participants.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Shiffrin and Schneider (1977)
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- ORCID
- Shiffrin, Richard M.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1977-03
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-190
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2156046656
- Cited by
- 7,335
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 126 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 201 · 2019: 299 · 2018: 182 · 2017: 220 · 2016: 224 · 2015: 216 · 2014: 215 · 2013: 183 · 2012: 214
- FWCI
- 29.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- two-process theory, automatic processing, controlled processing, perceptual learning, automatic attention, category learning, interference, information processing model
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