Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing

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The Method of Observation in Science Education: Characteristic Dimensions from an Educational Perspective

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The Role of Evidence Diversity and Explanation in 4- and 5-Year-Olds’ Resolution of Counterevidence

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Biased preferences through exploitation: How initial biases are consolidated in reward-rich environments.

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Updating politicized beliefs: How motivated reasoning contributes to polarization

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Understanding the #longCOVID and #longhaulers Conversation on Twitter: Multimethod Study

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Human Reasoning

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What theories are needed for strategic management?

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Dysfunctional counterfactual thinking: When simulating alternatives to reality impedes experiential learning

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Seeking health information on the web: Positive hypothesis testing

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Communicated beliefs about action-outcomes: The role of initial confirmation in the adoption and maintenance of unsupported beliefs

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A Context-Driven Framework for Proactive Decision Support With Applications

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The Role of Affect in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions

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Strategically overconfident (to a fault): How self-promotion motivates advisor confidence.

Zant, A. B. V. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000879 · Cited by 20

Variations on anchoring: Sequential anchoring revisited

Bahník, Š., Houdek, P., Vrbová, L., & Hájek, J. (2019) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005428 · Cited by 25

Refusing to budge: a confirmatory bias in decision making?

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The second pugilist’s plight: Why people believe they are above average but are not especially happy about it.

Davidai, S., & Deri, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000580 · Cited by 20

Dealing with Uncertainties in Policing Serious Crime

Bammer, G. (2010) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/dupsc.05.2010 · Cited by 21

The Weighing of Evidence and the Determinants of Confidence

Griffin, D., & Tversky, A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.015 · Cited by 20

Domain-Specific Reasoning

Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.003.0010 · Cited by 20

Confirmation Bias

Lewicka, M. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2901-6_9 · Cited by 20

The influence of information presentation order on professional tax judgment

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Issues in the development and use of expert systems for marketing decisions

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La théorie argumentative du raisonnement

Mercier, H. (2009) · HAL · Cited by 20

Future urban sustainable mobility - Implementing and understanding the impacts of policies designed to reduce private automobile usage

Loukopoulos, P. (2005) · Cited by 20

Kant

O’Neill, O. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195145397.003.0006 · Cited by 20

Countering conspiracy theory beliefs: Understanding the conjunction fallacy and considering disconfirming evidence

Stall, L. M., & Petrocelli, J. V. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3998 · Cited by 22

Inter-temporal choice and self-control: saving and borrowing

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Dual-processes in learning and judgment: Evidence from the multiple cue probability learning paradigm

Rolison, J. J., Evans, J. S. B. T., Dennis, I., & Walsh, C. R. (2012) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.03.003 · Cited by 22

Weighting of contingency information in causal judgement: Evidence of hypothesis dependence and use of a positive-test strategy

Mandel, D. R., & Vartanian, O. A. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210902794148 · Cited by 19

Stereotypes as Pseudocontingencies

Kutzner, F., & Fiedler, K. (2016) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2016.1260238 · Cited by 25

Are we at a Turning Point for Distance Research in International Business Studies?

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Online prejudice and barriers to digital innovation: Empirical investigations of Chinese consumers

Che, T., Peng, Z. C., Lai, F., & Luo, X. R. (2021) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12323 · Cited by 19

Nascent entrepreneur(ship) research : a review

Davidsson, P., & Gordon, S. R. (2009) · Cited by 19

Contraries as an effective strategy in geometrical problem solving

Branchini, E., Burro, R., Bianchi, I., & Savardi, U. (2015) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2014.994035 · Cited by 19

Is Popper's Falsificationist Heuristic a Helpful Resource for Developing Critical Thinking?

Lam, C. (2007) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2007.00349.x · Cited by 19

Rationality and Game Theory

Bicchieri, C. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195145397.003.0010 · Cited by 25

Confirmation Bias, Problem-Solving and Cognitive Models

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The Interaction of Domain-Specific Knowledge and Domain-General Discovery Strategies: A Study with Sinking Objects

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Simulating buying center decision processes: propositions and methodology

McNally, R. C. (2002) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/08858620210419790 · Cited by 19

Probability judgment in three-category classification learning.

Koehler, D. J. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.26.1.28 · Cited by 19

Judgment and Decision Making

Connolly, T., & Ordóñez, L. D. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei1219 · Cited by 19

On the Evolutionary Emergence of OptimismPreprint

Heifetz, A., & Yossi Spiegel, C. (2000) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.247355 · Cited by 19

Fratricide in Air Operations. Opening the Black-Box: Revealing the 'Social'

Masys, A. J. (2010) · Figshare · Cited by 18

Scientific Investigations of Elementary School Children

Valanides, N., Papageorgiou, M., & Angeli, C. (2013) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-013-9448-6 · Cited by 19

Strategies for selecting and evaluating information

Liefgreen, A., Pilditch, T. D., & Lagnado, D. A. (2020) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2020.101332 · Cited by 18

Explaining the Evidence: How the Mind Investigates the World

Lagnado, D. A. (2021) · Cited by 18

A unified framework for incorporating decision making into explanations of business failure

Amankwah‐Amoah, J. (2015) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-03-2015-0085 · Cited by 18

Probability estimation in poker: A qualified success for unaided judgment

Liley, J., & Rakow, T. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.670 · Cited by 18

The Impact of Sequential Data on Consumer Confidence in Relative Judgments

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The efficacy of ACH in mitigating serial position effects and confirmation bias in an intelligence analysis scenario

Whitesmith, M. (2018) · Intelligence & National Security · doi:10.1080/02684527.2018.1534640 · Cited by 18

Understanding and Managing Bias

Kebbell, M. R., Muller, D., & MARTIN, K. (2010) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/dupsc.05.2010.06 · Cited by 18

Conflicts of Interest in Public Policy Research

MacCoun, R. J. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610332.018 · Cited by 18

Contrast class cues and performance facilitation in a hypothesis-testing task: evidence for an iterative counterfactual model

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The information gained from witnesses' responses to an initial “blank” lineup.

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The process of inductive inference in groups: The use of positive and negative hypothesis and target testing in sequential rule-discovery tasks.

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The impact of external representation in a rule discovery task

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Leader-focused search: The impact of an emerging preference on information search

Carlson, K. A., & Guha, A. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.12.002 · Cited by 18

Human performance in fault diagnosis: can expert systems help?

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Reflections on the peer review process

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Theory-Driven Reasoning about Plausible Pasts and Probable Futures in World Politics

Tetlock, P. E. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.044 · Cited by 18

Hypothesis testing in a rule discovery problem: When a focused procedure is effective

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Hypothesis Testing: Strategy Selection for Generalising versus Limiting Hypotheses

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Predicting fault diagnosis performance: why are some bugs hard to find?

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The dilution effect: judgmental bias, conversational convention, or a bit of both?

Tetlock, P. E., Lerner, J. S., & Boettger, R. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199611)26:6 · Cited by 97

Interpreting politically-charged numerical information: The influence of numeracy and problem difficulty on response accuracy

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Conspiracy Theory as Individual and Group Behavior: Observations from the Flat Earth International Conference

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Missing the dog that failed to bark in the nighttime: on the overestimation of occurrences over non-occurrences in hypothesis testing

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The use of incentives in organizations

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Taking the High (or Low) Road: A Quantifier Priming Perspective on Basic Anchoring Effects

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Revising Causal Beliefs

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Unrealistic comparative optimism: An unsuccessful search for evidence of a genuinely motivational bias

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The Subjective-Objective Disjunction in Psychometrically-Defined Schizotypy: What it is and Why it is Important?

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Biases in construction project dispute resolution

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Acting as Expected: Global Leadership Preferences and the Pursuit of an Integrated Supply Chain

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Understanding Antigay Bias From a Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Perspective

Callender, K. A. (2014) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.998965 · Cited by 18

Entrepreneurial Decision-Making: Thinking Under Uncertainty

Gustafsson, V. (2009) · International studies in entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0443-0_13 · Cited by 17

The price of information: Increased inspection costs reduce the confirmation bias in visual search

Rajsic, J., Wilson, D. E., & Pratt, J. (2017) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1278249 · Cited by 21

You and I have nothing in common: The role of dissimilarity in interpersonal influence

Tuk, M. A., Verlegh, P. W. J., Smidts, A., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.010 · Cited by 17

Preference Consistency and Preference Strength: Processing and Judgmental issues1

Jain, S. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01940.x · Cited by 17

Modeling collective choice: decision‐making on complex intellective tasks

Bonner, B. L., Baumann, M. R., Lehn, A., Pierce, D., & Wheeler, E. C. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.305 · Cited by 17

Editor's Notes

O’Donnell, M. A. (2013) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.28.1.iv · Cited by 17

The Cognitive Psychology of Reasoning: An Introduction

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Information Sampling and Reasoning Biases

Fiedler, K., & Kutzner, F. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118468333.ch13 · Cited by 17

Critical Thinking, Critical Reasoning, and Methodological Reflection (1996)

Finocchiaro, M. A. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527517.007 · Cited by 17

X. Emotion and Desire in Self-Deception

Mele, A. R. (2003) · Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement · doi:10.1017/s1358246100007955 · Cited by 16

Power Asymmetry, Negotiations and Conflict Management in Organizations

Fousiani, K. (2022) · Organizational Conflict - New Insights · doi:10.5772/intechopen.95492 · Cited by 16

Short but Critical?: How “Fake News” and “Anti-Elitist” Media Attacks Undermine Perceived Message Credibility on Social Media

Bos, L., Egelhofer, J. L., & Lecheler, S. K. (2023) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502231178432 · Cited by 24

Mindsets and politically motivated reasoning about fake news

Ludwig, J., & Sommer, J. (2024) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-024-10067-0 · Cited by 23

Practical Reasoning and Emotion

Greenspan, P. S. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195145397.003.0011 · Cited by 17

Cyber-Empathic Design: A Data Driven Framework for Product Design

Ghosh, D. D., Kim, J.-H., Olewnik, A. T., Lakshmanan, A., & Lewis, K. E. (2016) · doi:10.1115/detc2016-59642 · Cited by 16

Application of Feature-Learning Methods Toward Product Usage Context Identification and Comfort Prediction

Ghosh, D., Olewnik, A. T., & Lewis, K. E. (2017) · Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4037435 · Cited by 19

Tell Me What I Wanted to Hear: Confirmation Effect in Lay Evaluations of Financial Expert Authority

Zaleśkiewicz, T., & Gąsiorowska, A. (2018) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12145 · Cited by 17

It depends: Partisan evaluation of conditional probability importance

Leaf Van Boven, A., Ramos, J., Montal‐Rosenberg, R., Kogut, T., Sherman, D. K., & Slovic, P. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.01.020 · Cited by 19

Financial decisions in the household

Burgoyne, C. B., & Kirchler, E. M. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.006 · Cited by 17

Confirmation and Disconfirmation: Their Social Advantages

Leyens, J.-P., Dardenne, B., Yzerbyt, V., Scaillet, N., & Snyder, M. (1999) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779943000062 · Cited by 44

Value priorities and subjective well-being: Direct relations and congruity effects

Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (2000) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(200003/04)30:2

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Hypothesentesten : der Einfluß von Phänomenwahrscheinlichkeit und Informationsmenge auf den Schlußfolgerungsprozeß

Hoffmann, C. (2001) · FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg)

Seeking Confirmation Is Rational for Deterministic Hypotheses

Austerweil, J. L., & Griffiths, T. L. (2011) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01161.x · Cited by 44

Address for correspondence:

Austerweil, J. L., Griffiths, T. L., & Austerweil, J. (2011)

Confirmation bias

OSWALD, M. E., & GROSJEAN, S. (2012) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203720615-10 · Cited by 5

RESEARCH ARTICLE Why a Confirmation Strategy Dominates Psychological Science

Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Posavac, S. S., Behrends, A. A., Moore, S. M., & Uchino, B. N. (2016)