Cited by 2,205Memory and Neural MechanismsNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex

Lang, Peter J., Bradley, Margaret M., Cuthbert, Bruce N.·1990·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.377

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This theoretical model of emotion is based on research using the startle-probe methodology. It explains inconsistencies in probe studies of attention and fear conditioning and provides a new approach to emotional perception, imagery, and memory. Emotions are organized biphasically, as appetitive or aversive (defensive). Reflexes with the same valence as an ongoing emotional state are augmented; mismatched reflexes are inhibited. Thus, the startle response (an aversive reflex) is enhanced during a fear state and is diminished in a pleasant emotional context. This affect-startle effect is not determined by general arousal, simple attention, or probe modality. The effect is found when affects are prompted by pictures or memory images, changes appropriately with aversive conditioning, and may be dependent on right-hemisphere processing. Implications for clinical, neurophysiological, and basic research in emotion are outlined.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.377

Cites

82 of 82 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A circumplex model of affect.
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334
The Measurement of Meaning
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957) · Cited by 9,433
Untitled work
(1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,295
A theory of Pavlovian conditioning : Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement
Rescorla, R. A. (1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,268
The Cognitive Structure of Emotions
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571299 · Cited by 6,208
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) American Psychiatric Association (1987). American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1400 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. 567 pp., $39.95 hardcover; $29.95 softcover.
Drake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303
The Organization of Behavior; A Neuropsychological Theory.
Attneave, F., B., M., & Hebb, D. O. (1950) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1418888 · Cited by 5,146
Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory.
Black, A. H., & Prokasy, W. F. (1972) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · Cited by 4,449
Principles of Behavior
Skinner, B. F., & Hull, C. L. (1944) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1416955 · Cited by 4,061
Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Connor, C. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061 · Cited by 3,072

Show all 82 references

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,011

Test‐retest reliability of voluntary emotion regulation
Lee, H., Shackman, A. J., Jackson, D. C., & Davidson, R. J. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00830.x · Cited by 56
Effects of Daily Walking on Subjective Symptoms, Mood and Autonomic Nervous Function
Sakuragi, S., & Sugiyama, Y. (2006) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.2114/jpa2.25.281 · Cited by 54
Emotion and consciousness: Ends of a continuum
Alexandrov, Y. I., & Sams, M. E. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.006 · Cited by 55
Properties of human affect induced by static color slides (IAPS): dimensional, categorical and electromyographic analysis
Davis, W. J., Rahman, M. A., Smith, L. J., Burns, A., Senecal, L., McArthur, D., Halpern, J. A., Perlmutter, A., Sickels, W., & Wagner, W. (1995) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(95)05141-4 · Cited by 55
Anger style, psychopathology, and regional brain activity.
Stewart, J. L., Silton, R. L., Sass, S. M., Heller, W., & Miller, G. A. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0013447 · Cited by 53
Dispositional fear, negative affectivity, and neuroimaging response to visually suppressed emotional faces
Vizueta, N., Patrick, C. J., Jiang, Y., Thomas, K. M., & He, S. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.015 · Cited by 57
Sensorimotor and linguistic information attenuate emotional word processing benefits: An eye-movement study.
Sheikh, N. A., & Titone, D. A. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0032417 · Cited by 53
Security on Autopilot
Dennis, A. R., & Minas, R. K. (2018) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3210530.3210533 · Cited by 53
Fine-grained facial expression analysis using dimensional emotion model
Zhou, F., Kong, S., Fowlkes, C. C., Chen, T., & Lei, B. (2020) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2020.01.067 · Cited by 55
Changes in the magnitude of the eyeblink startle response during habituation of sexual arousal
Koukounas, E., & Over, R. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00075-3 · Cited by 53
Perceptual, affective, and cognitive judgments of odors: Pleasantness and handedness effects
Bensafi, M., Rouby, C., Farget, V., Bertrand, B., Vigouroux, M., & Holley, A. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00019-8 · Cited by 61
How gene–stress–behavior interactions can promote adolescent alcohol use: The roles of predrinking allostatic load and childhood behavior disorders
Zimmermann, U. S., Blomeyer, D., Laucht, M., & Mann, K. F. (2006) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.024 · Cited by 53
The Role of Interoceptive Sensibility and Emotional Conceptualization for the Experience of Emotions
Ventura‐Bort, C., Wendt, J., & Weymar, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712418 · Cited by 66
Probabilistic Inferences Under Emotional Stress: How Arousal Affects Decision Processes
Wichary, S., Mata, R., & Rieskamp, J. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1896 · Cited by 63
The face of chauvinism: How prejudice expectations shape perceptions of facial affect
Inzlicht, M., Kaiser, C. R., & Major, B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.06.004 · Cited by 50
Post-extinction conditional stimulus valence predicts reinstatement fear: Relevance for long-term outcomes of exposure therapy
Zbozinek, T. D., Hermans, D., Prenoveau, J. M., Liao, B., & Craske, M. G. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.930421 · Cited by 52
Infusion of quinpirole and muscimol into the ventral tegmental area inhibits fear-potentiated startle: implications for the role of dopamine in fear expression
Munro, L. J., & Kokkinidis, L. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01225-5 · Cited by 52
A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli
Theodoridou, A., Penton-Voak, I. S., & Rowe, A. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058113 · Cited by 51
Not only…but also: REM sleep creates and NREM Stage 2 instantiates landmark junctions in cortical memory networks
Llewellyn, S., & Hobson, J. A. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.005 · Cited by 54
Evidence for a vestigial pinna‐orienting system in humans
Hackley, S. A. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12501 · Cited by 51
Relationships between temperament dimensions in personality and unconscious emotional responses.
Yoshino, A., Kimura, Y., Yoshida, T., Takahashi, Y., & Nomura, S. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.027 · Cited by 49
Beeping ADAS: Reflexive effect on drivers’ behavior
Biondi, F. N., Rossi, R., Gastaldi, M., & Mulatti, C. (2014) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2014.04.020 · Cited by 51
Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Sexy and Humorous Content in Advertisements
Sparks, J. V., & Lang, A. (2014) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.976236 · Cited by 51
Startle response to unpredictable threat in comorbid panic disorder and alcohol dependence
Gorka, S. M., Nelson, B. D., & Shankman, S. A. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.003 · Cited by 49
Serotonin transporter gene variation and stressful life events impact processing of fear and anxiety
Armbruster, D., Moser, D., Strobel, A., Hensch, T., Kirschbaum, C., Lesch, K., & Brocke, B. (2008) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145708009565 · Cited by 55
Inhibitory control of emotional processing: Theoretical and empirical considerations
Bartholomew, M. E., Heller, W., & Miller, G. A. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.03.015 · Cited by 55
Individual Differences in Approach and Avoidance Movements: How the Avoidance Motive Influences Response Force
Puca, R. M., Rinkenauer, G., & Breidenstein, C. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00400.x · Cited by 52
Asymmetrical frontal ERPs, emotion, and behavioral approach/inhibition sensitivity
Peterson, C. K., Gable, P. A., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2008) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910701612736 · Cited by 56
Beyond stress and arousal: A reconceptualization of alcohol-emotion relations with reference to psychophysiological methods.
Stritzke, W. G. K., Lang, A. R., & Patrick, C. J. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.376 · Cited by 52
Gateways to Consciousness: Emotion, Attention, and Electrodermal Activity
Öhman, A., Esteves, F. G., Flykt, A., & Soares, J. J. F. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2864-7_10 · Cited by 54
Self‐Regulatory Perspectives on Personality
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0508 · Cited by 50
Passive avoidance is linked to impaired fear extinction in humans.Preprint
Cornwell, B., Overstreet, C., Krimsky, M., & Grillon, C. (2013) · Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · doi:10.1101/lm.028902.112 · Cited by 31
The Functional Role of the Periphery in Emotional Language Comprehension
Havas, D. A., & Matheson, J. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00294 · Cited by 51
Examining the association between rumination, negative affectivity, and negative affect induced by a paced auditory serial addition task
Feldner, M. T., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Zvolensky, M. J., & Lejuez, C. W. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.06.002 · Cited by 58
Modulation of nociceptive and acoustic startle responses to an unpredictable threat in men and women
Hubbard, C. S., Ornitz, E. M., Gaspar, J. X., Smith, S. E., Amin, J., Labus, J. S., Kilpatrick, L. A., Rhudy, J. L., Mayer, E. A., & Naliboff, B. D. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.03.001 · Cited by 50
Resting state and personality component (BIS/BAS) predict the brain activity (EEG and fNIRS measure) in response to emotional cues
Balconi, M., Vanutelli, M. E., & Grippa, E. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.686 · Cited by 50
Objective Measures of Emotion During Virtual Walks through Urban Environments
Geiser, M., & Walla, P. (2011) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app1010001 · Cited by 50
The emotional startle effect is disrupted by a concurrent working memory task.
King, R., & Schaefer, A. (2011) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01062.x · Cited by 50
Emotional imagery, the visual startle, and covariation bias: An affective matching account
Witvliet, C. V., & Vrana, S. R. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00027-2 · Cited by 50
The effect of mGlu8 deficiency in animal models of psychiatric diseases
Fendt, M., Bürki, H., Imobersteg, S., van der Putten, H., McAllister, K. H., Leslie, J. C., Shaw, D., & Hölscher, C. (2009) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00532.x · Cited by 51
Emotion and Sport Performance
Janelle, C. M., Fawver, B. J., & Beatty, G. F. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119568124.ch13 · Cited by 52
Assessing the emotions of laboratory rats
Makowska, I. J., & Weary, D. M. (2013) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2013.07.017 · Cited by 54
The startle reflex in schizophrenia: habituation and personality correlates
Akdag, S. J., Nestor, P. G., O’Donnell, B. F., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Shenton, M. E., & McCarley, R. W. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00059-8 · Cited by 49
The role of neuroticism in startle reactions to fearful and disgusting stimuli
Wilson, G. D., Kumari, V., Gray, J. A., & Corr, P. J. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00255-x · Cited by 49
Somatovisceral Activation During Anger
Stemmler, G. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89676-2_7 · Cited by 51
CNV and SPN: Indices of Anticipatory Behavior
BRUNIA, C. H. M. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0189-3_13 · Cited by 49
Pavlovian aversive and appetitive odor conditioning in humans: subjective, peripheral, and electrocortical changes
Hermann, C., Ziegler, S., Birbaumer, N., & Flor, H. (2000) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210000343 · Cited by 51
Emotional Response in Patients With Frontal Brain Damage: Effects of Affective Valence and Information Content.
Sánchez‐Navarro, J. P., Martínez‐Selva, J. M., & Román, F. J. (2005) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.87 · Cited by 52
The behavioral and neural effect of emotional primes on intertemporal decisions
LUO, S. H., Ainslie, G. W., & Monterosso, J. R. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss132 · Cited by 50
Emotional Processes in Psychopathy
Patrick, C. J. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1367-4_3 · Cited by 49
Emotion-modulated startle in anxiety disorders is blunted by co-morbid depressive episodes
Taylor-Clift, A., Morris, B. H., Rottenberg, J. A., & Kovács, M. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171000036x · Cited by 51
The Feeling of Excellent Functioning: Hedonic and Eudaimonic Emotions
Vittersø, J. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_17 · Cited by 54
In Harm’s Way: On Preferential Response to Threatening Stimuli
March, D. S., Gaertner, L., & Olson, M. A. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217722558 · Cited by 48
Stathmin, a gene regulating neural plasticity, affects fear and anxiety processing in humans
Brocke, B., Lesch, K., Armbruster, D., Moser, D., Müller, A., Strobel, A., & Kirschbaum, C. (2009) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30989 · Cited by 46
BIS/BAS responses to emotional cues: Self report, autonomic measure and alpha band modulation
Balconi, M., Falbo, L., & Brambilla, E. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.004 · Cited by 47
BDNFval66met affects neural activation pattern during fear conditioning and 24 h delayed fear recall
Lonsdorf, T. B., Golkar, A., Lindström, K. M., Haaker, J., Öhman, A., Schalling, M., & Ingvar, M. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu102 · Cited by 47
Hypervigilance during anxiety and selective attention during fear: Using steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) to disentangle attention mechanisms during predictable and unpredictable threat
Kastner, A. K., Andreatta, M., Pauli, P., & Wieser, M. J. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.05.008 · Cited by 50
Shock sensitization of startle: learned or unlearned fear?
Richardson, R. (2000) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00189-8 · Cited by 49
Retrofitting social learning theory with contemporary understandings of learning and memory derived from cognitive psychology and neuroscience
Proctor, K. R., & Niemeyer, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101655 · Cited by 55
Emotion, sighing, and respiratory variability
Vlemincx, E., Diest, I. V., & den Bergh, O. V. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12396 · Cited by 49
Airway responsiveness to psychological processes in asthma and health
Ritz, T. (2012) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00343 · Cited by 45
Emotion and control in the planning of goals
Maglio, S. J., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2014) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9407-4 · Cited by 46
Effects of Cold Pressor Stress on the Human Startle Response
Deuter, C. E., Kuehl, L. K., Blumenthal, T. D., Schulz, A., Oitzl, M. S., & Schächinger, H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049866 · Cited by 51
Meditation and the startle response: A case study.
LEVENSON, R. W., Ekman, P., & Ricard, M. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0027472 · Cited by 53
Instructed extinction in human fear conditioning: History, recent developments, and future directions
Luck, C. C., & Lipp, O. V. (2016) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12135 · Cited by 50
Defensive motivation and attention in anticipation of different types of predictable and unpredictable threat: A startle and event‐related potential investigation
Nelson, B. D., & Hajcak, G. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12869 · Cited by 44
Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex and P50 gating in aging and alzheimer’s disease
Jafari, Z., Kolb, B. E., & Mohajerani, M. H. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101028 · Cited by 43
Chapter 25 Laboratory testing of emotion and frontal cortex
LEVENSON, R. W., Ascher, E. A., Goodkind, M. S., McCarthy, M., Sturm, V. E., & Werner, K. H. (2008) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/s0072-9752(07)88025-0 · Cited by 46
Estudio normativo del valor afectivo de 478 palabras españolas
Redondo, J., Fraga, I., Comesaña, M., & Perea, M. (2005) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 46
Effect of Instructed Extinction on Verbal and Autonomic Indices of Pavlovian Learning with Fear-Relevant and Fear-Irrelevant Conditional Stimuli
Lipp, O. V., & Edwards, M. S. (2002) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027//0269-8803.16.3.176 · Cited by 50
Excitability of subcortical motor circuits in Go/noGo and forced choice reaction time tasks
Kumru, H., Urra, X., Compta, Y., Castellote, J. M., Turbau, J., & Valls‐Solé, J. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.07.012 · Cited by 46
Affective modulation of autonomic reactions to noxious stimulation
Rhudy, J. L., McCabe, K. M., & Williams, A. E. (2006) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.09.001 · Cited by 46
Habituation and dishabituation of male sexual arousal
Koukounas, E., & Over, R. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90109-8 · Cited by 46
TRANSFER OF AVERSIVE RESPONDENT ELICITATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS
Rodríguez‐Valverde, M., Luciano, C., & Barnes‐Holmes, D. (2009) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2009.92-85 · Cited by 45
Emotions in reading: Disgust, empathy and the contextual learning hypothesis
Silva, C., Montant, M., Ponz, A., & Ziegler, J. C. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.013 · Cited by 45
Emotions Under the Skin
Silva, C., Ferreira, A. C., Soares, I., & Esteves, F. G. (2015) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000147 · Cited by 45
Mildly negative social encounters reduce physical pain sensitivity
Borsook, T. K., & MacDonald, G. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.022 · Cited by 53
Emotional-Processing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder II: Startle Reflex Modulation During Picture Processing.
Miller, M. W., & Litz, B. T. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.3.451 · Cited by 45
Increasing Neutral Distraction Inhibits Genital but not Subjective Sexual Arousal of Sexually Functional and Dysfunctional Men
van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., & van den Hout, M. (2004) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1023/b:aseb.0000044739.29113.73 · Cited by 45
Victim Sensitivity and the Accuracy of Social Judgments
Gollwitzer, M., Rothmund, T., Alt, B., & Jekel, M. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212440887 · Cited by 49
Dream to Predict? REM Dreaming as Prospective Coding
Llewellyn, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01961 · Cited by 45
Making sense of emotion: evolution, reason & the brain
Öhman, A. (2006) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed.2006.135.3.33 · Cited by 43
The Brain Is Adaptive Not Triune: How the Brain Responds to Threat, Challenge, and Change
Steffen, P. R., Hedges, D., & Matheson, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.802606 · Cited by 50
Exaggerated startle reactions
Dreissen, Y. E. M., Bakker, M. J., Koelman, J. H. T. M., & Tijssen, M. A. J. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.022 · Cited by 44
Early life stress and psychiatric disorder modulate cortical responses to affective stimuli
Weber, K., Miller, G. A., Schupp, H. T., Borgelt, J., Awiszus, B., Popov, T. G., Elbert, T. R., & Rockstroh, B. S. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00871.x · Cited by 43
The role of valence in word processing: Evidence from lexical decision and emotional Stroop tasks
Crossfield, E., & Damian, M. F. (2021) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103359 · Cited by 49
Automatic facial responses to affective stimuli in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder
Mathersul, D. C., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.10.008 · Cited by 54
The Effects of Tetrahydrocannabinol on the Recognition of Emotionally Charged Words: An Analysis Using Event-Related Brain Potentials
Leweke, F. M., Kampmann, C., Radwan, M., Dietrich, D. E., Johannes, S., Emrich, H. M., & Münte, T. F. (1998) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000026487 · Cited by 44
Cerebral processing of words and the development of chronic pain
Knost, B., Flor, H., Braun, C., & Birbaumer, N. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02392.x · Cited by 44
Affective modulation of tactile startle
Hawk, L. W., & Cook, E. W. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02412.x · Cited by 44
Respiratory modulation of startle eye blink: a new approach to assess afferent signals from the respiratory system
Schulz, A., Schilling, T. M., Vögele, C., Larra, M. F., & Schächinger, H. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0019 · Cited by 38
Acquisition and Activation of Odor Hedonics in Everyday Situations: Conditioning and Priming Studies
Hermans, D., & Baeyens, F. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546389.014 · Cited by 43
Investigating the role of emotion during the search process in free recall
Siddiqui, A., & Unsworth, N. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0125-9 · Cited by 41
Affective ratings and startle modulation in people with nonclinical depression.
Mneimne, M., McDermut, W., & Powers, A. S. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0012827 · Cited by 43
Anger Effects on Driver Situation Awareness and Driving Performance
Jeon, M., Walker, B. N., & Gable, T. M. (2014) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00169 · Cited by 45
Dysphoria is associated with reduced cardiac vagal withdrawal during the imagery of pleasant scripts: Evidence for the positive attenuation hypothesis
Benvenuti, S. M., Mennella, R., Buodo, G., & Palomba, D. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.017 · Cited by 43
Reflective thinking and mental imagery: A perspective on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder
Kosslyn, S. M. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050406 · Cited by 43
Viewing Physique Slides: Affective Responses of Women at High and Low Drive for Thinness
Hausenblas, H. A., Janelle, C. M., Gardner, R. E., & Focht, B. C. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.1.45.26985 · Cited by 47
Serial or parallel processing in dual tasks: What is more effortful?
Lehle, C., Steinhauser, M., & Hübner, R. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00806.x · Cited by 43
Computer response to user frustration
Klein, J. (1998) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 42

Authors: Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
ORCID: Lang, Peter J.
Bradley, Margaret M.
Cuthbert, Bruce N.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1990
Volume: 97
Issue: 3
Pages: 377-395
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.377
OpenAlex: W2021502766
Cited by: 2,205
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 113
FWCI: 12.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh041950-03, 5r01mh043975-12)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH41950, MH 43975, MH37757)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: emotions, startle response, attention, fear conditioning, emotional memory, emotional imagery, right hemisphere, emotion perception, emotional valence
MeSH terms: Arousal, Attention, Blinking, Emotions, Humans, Reflex, Startle

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks