Learned industriousness.
Abstract
Extensive research with animals and humans indicates that rewarded effort contributes to durable individual differences in industriousness. It is proposed that reinforcement for increased physical or cognitive performance, or for the toleration of aversive stimulation, conditions rewards value to the sensation of high effort and thereby reduces effort's aversiveness. The conditioning of secondary reward value to the sensation of effort provides a dynamic mechanism by which reinforced high performance generalizes across behaviors. Applications to self-control, moral development, and education are described.
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The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension
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- Authors
- Eisenberger, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eisenberger, Robert
- ORCID
- Eisenberger, Robert
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1992
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 248-267
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W4247658282
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 6.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- diligence, effort, reward value, aversive stimulation, individual differences, self-control, moral development, achievement motivation
- MeSH terms
- Aptitude, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Personality Development
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