Excessive use of reminders: Metacognition and effort-minimisation in cognitive offloading
Open accessAbstract
People often use external reminders to help remember delayed intentions. This is a form of "cognitive offloading". Individuals sometimes offload more often than would be optimal (Gilbert et al., 2020). This bias has been linked to participants' erroneous metacognitive underconfidence in their memory abilities. However, underconfidence is unlikely to fully explain the bias. An additional, previously-untested factor that may contribute to the offloading bias is a preference to avoid cognitive effort associated with remembering internally. The present Registered Report examined evidence for this hypothesis. One group of participants received payment contingent on their performance of the task (hypothesised to increase cognitive effort, and therefore reduce the bias towards offloading); another group received a flat payment for taking part, as in the earlier experiment. The offloading bias was significantly reduced (but not eliminated) in the rewarded group, suggesting that a preference to avoid cognitive effort influences cognitive offloading.
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Learners have a tendency to offload more than would be optimal for retention.
“It has been illustrated in the cognitive offloading literature that learners have the tendency to offload more than would be optimal for retention.”
From <b>Effects of Partial vs. Full Cognitive Offloading with Generative AI on Learning Retention </b> (2026) · cites this paper as Sachdeva & Gilbert, 2020
The Abstract reports that people sometimes offload more often than is optimal. In “Biases and optimality in cognitive offloading” (page unavailable), however, optimality is defined by points earned on a delayed-intention task, not by learners’ retention. The source supports a tendency toward excessive offloading, but not the claimed retention outcome. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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More Than a Reminder: Alarms and Everyday Life
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- Authors
- Sachdeva, C., & Gilbert, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sachdeva, Chhavi
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 85
- Pages
- 103024
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3092023288
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- cognitive offloading, metacognition, delayed intentions, memory, financial incentives, cognitive effort
- MeSH terms
- Metacognition, Humans, Mental Recall, Reward, Intention, Memory, Episodic
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