Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues

Cameron, Judy; Banko, Katherine M.; Pierce, W. David

doi:10.1007/bf03392017

Cited by 574Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsBehavioral and Psychological StudiesEducation, Achievement, and Giftedness

Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues

Open access

Cameron, Judy, Banko, Katherine M., Pierce, W. David·2001·The Behavior Analyst

DOI 10.1007/bf03392017PMC PMC2731358

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A major concern in psychology and education is that rewards decrease intrinsic motivation to perform activities. Over the past 30 years, more than 100 experimental studies have been conducted on this topic. In 1994, Cameron and Pierce conducted a meta-analysis of this literature and concluded that negative effects of reward were limited and could be easily prevented in applied settings. A more recent meta-analysis of the literature by Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (1999) shows pervasive negative effects of reward. The purpose of the present article is to resolve differences in previous meta-analytic findings and to provide a meta-analysis of rewards and intrinsic motivation that permits tests of competing theoretical explanations. Our results suggest that in general, rewards are not harmful to motivation to perform a task. Rewards given for low-interest tasks enhance free-choice intrinsic motivation. On high-interest tasks, verbal rewards produce positive effects on free-choice motivation and self-reported task interest. Negative effects are found on high-interest tasks when the rewards are tangible, expected (offered beforehand), and loosely tied to level of performance. When rewards are linked to level of performance, measures of intrinsic motivation increase or do not differ from a nonrewarded control group. Overall, the pattern of results indicates that reward contingencies do not have pervasive negative effects on intrinsic motivation. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are addressed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/bf03392017

Cites

166 of 166 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The literature on rewards and compensation and performance is extensive and sometimes mixed.
“Moreover, the effects of rewards and compensation on performance have an extensive body of literature behind them, which at times can also show mixed results (Cameron, Banko, & Pierce, 2001).”
From Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis (2015) · cites this paper as Cameron, Banko, & Pierce, 2001

Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,385 · see citing works
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 · Cited by 26,772 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 19,180 · see citing works
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Miller, K. A. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2070638 · Cited by 15,361 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1964) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,439 · see citing works
Book Reviews: Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis Larry V. Hedges and Ingram Olkin New York: Academic Press, 1985. xxii + 369 pp
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,347 · see citing works
A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627 · Cited by 7,176 · cited 32× · see citing works
“Deci et al. (1999) also reported a larger effect for adults but a nonsignificant effect for children (our effect size for children was statistically significant because we included more studies than Deci et al.).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
Hedges, L. V. (1981) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164588 · Cited by 5,695 · see citing works
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542 · see citing works
Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation.
Deci, E. L. (1971) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030644 · Cited by 4,170 · see citing works
Intrinsic Motivation
Deci, E. L. (1975) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4446-9 · Cited by 2,911 · see citing works
Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis.
Lepper, M. R., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035519 · Cited by 2,471 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The idea that extrinsic rewards could disrupt intrinsic motivation instigated a series of experiments carried out in the early 1970s (Deci, 1971; Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973).”
Background
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings.
Raudenbush, S. W., Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1991) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289738 · Cited by 2,363 · see citing works
Managerial Attitudes and Performance.
Alderfer, C. P., Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. (1968) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391269 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
Statistical methods for meta-analysis
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. 1.-2. (1985) · Cited by 1,832 · see citing works
Summing up: The Science of Reviewing Research
Wilkinson, I., Light, R. J., & Pillemer, D. B. (1987) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164691 · Cited by 1,486 · see citing works
Summing Up
Light, R. J., & Pillemer, D. B. (1984) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674040243 · Cited by 1,422 · see citing works
Relation of reward contingency and interpersonal context to intrinsic motivation: A review and test using cognitive evaluation theory.
Ryan, R. M., Mims, V., & Koestner, R. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.736 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis
Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1994) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543064003363 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Self-citation
Detrimental effects of reward: Reality or myth?
Eisenberger, R., & Cameron, J. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.51.11.1153 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reinforcement, and inequity.
Deci, E. L. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032355 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
The effects of contingent and noncontingent rewards and controls on intrinsic motivation
Deci, E. L. (1972) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(72)90047-5 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Task-involving and ego-involving properties of evaluation: Effects of different feedback conditions on motivational perceptions, interest, and performance.
Butler, R. (1987) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.79.4.474 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
The Psychology of Gender: Advances through Meta-Analysis
Halpern, D. F., Hyde, J. S., & Linn, M. C. (1989) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422961 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Social influences on creativity: The effects of contracted-for reward.
Amabile, T. M., Hennessey, B. A., & Grossman, B. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.50.1.14 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1990) · Cited by 561 · see citing works
On the Causal Effects of Perceived Competence on Intrinsic Motivation: A Test of Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Vallerand, R. J., & Reid, G. (1984) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.6.1.94 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Does Pay for Performance Increase or Decrease Perceived Self-Determination and Intrinsic Motivation?
Eisenberger, R., Rhoades, L., & Cameron, J. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1026 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Self-citation
Learned industriousness.
Eisenberger, R. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.2.248 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Self-perception of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
Calder, B. J., & Staw, B. M. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077100 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1993) · Cited by 407 · see citing works
The effects of extrinsic incentive on some qualitative aspects of task performance<sup>1</sup>
Kruglanski, A. W., Friedman, I., & Zeevi, G. (1971) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00066.x · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Effects of reward on intrinsic motivation—Negative, neutral, and positive: Comment on Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (1999).
Eisenberger, R., Pierce, W. D., & Cameron, J. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.677 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation.
Harackiewicz, J. M. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1352 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Evidence of a detrimental effect of extrinsic incentives on breaking a mental set
McGraw, K. O., & McCullers, J. C. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(79)90039-8 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Rewarding pinball wizardry: Effects of evaluation and cue value on intrinsic interest.
Harackiewicz, J. M., Manderlink, G., & Sansone, C. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.2.287 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The undermining and enhancing of intrinsic motivation in preschool children.
Anderson, R., Manoogian, S. T., & Reznick, J. S. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.5.915 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Salience of reward and intrinsic motivation.
Ross, M. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.245 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Cognitive evaluation theory and some comments on the Calder and Staw critique.
Deci, E. L., Cascio, W. F., & Krusell, J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076168 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Enhancing Self-Efficacy and Achievement Through Rewards and Goals: Motivational and Informational Effects
Schunk, D. H. (1984) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1984.10885568 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Children's Subsequent Intrinsic Interest
Greene, D. M., & Lepper, M. R. (1974) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1974.tb00720.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Praise, involvement, and intrinsic motivation.
Koestner, R., Zuckerman, M., & Koestner, J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.383 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Reality, intrinsic motivation, and creativity.
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.6.674 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Children's preference for challenge: The role of perceived competence and control.
Boggiano, A. K., Main, D. S., & Katz, P. A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.1.134 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Overjustification, competing responses, and the acquisition of intrinsic interest.
Reiss, S., & Sushinsky, L. W. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076936 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Informational versus Controlling Verbal Rewards
Pittman, T. S., Davey, M. E., Alafat, K. A., Wetherill, K. V., & Kramer, N. A. (1980) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616728062007 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Initiating Play Activity of Children: The Moderating Influence of Verbal Cues on Intrinsic Motivation
Swann, W. B., & Pittman, T. S. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128374 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Competence and the overjustification effect: A developmental study.
Boggiano, A. K., & Ruble, D. N. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.9.1462 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
A Cognitive-Developmental Approach to the Effects of Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation
Danner, F., & Lonky, E. (1981) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129110 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
A question of competence: The effects of competence and task feedback on intrinsic interest.
Sansone, C. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.918 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Performance evaluation and intrinsic motivation: The effects of evaluative focus, rewards, and achievement orientation.
Harackiewicz, J. M., Abrahams, S., & Wageman, R. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1015 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Reward, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creativity
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (1998) · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Effects of instruction on intrinsic interest: The importance of context.
Sansone, C., Sachau, D. A., & Weir, C. R. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.819 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
When Paradigms Clash: Comments on Cameron and Pierce's Claim That Rewards Do Not Undermine Intrinsic Motivation
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1996) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543066001033 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations: Reward-induced changes in preference for complexity.
Pittman, T. S., Emery, J., & Boggiano, A. K. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.5.789 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Rewards: A Commentary on Cameron and Pierce's Meta-Analysis
Lepper, M. R., Keavney, M., & Drake, M. (1996) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543066001005 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Statistical methods in the meta-analysis of research on gender differences
Hedges, L. V., & Becker, B. J. (1986) · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Effects of rewards on children's prosocial motivation: A socialization study.
Fabes, R. A., Fultz, J., Eisenberg, N., Lamar, T. A. M., & Christopher, F. S. (1989) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.509 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The Detrimental Effects of Extrinsic Reinforcement on “Intrinsic Motivation”
Dickinson, A. M. (1989) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392473 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A process analysis of the effects of performance-contingent rewards on intrinsic motivation
Harackiewicz, J. M., & Manderlink, G. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(84)90042-8 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Consequences of superfluous social constraints: Effects on young children's social inferences and subsequent intrinsic interest.
Lepper, M. R., Sagotsky, G., Dafoe, J. L., & Greene, D. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.51 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Psychological Studies
(2022) · doi:10.32782/psych.studies · Cited by 119 · see citing works
When rewards reflect competence: A qualification of the overjustification effect.
Rosenfield, D., Folger, R., & Adelman, H. F. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.368 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Reward contingencies and the development of children's skills and self-efficacy.
Schunk, D. H. (1983) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.75.4.511 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Reinforcement effects on intrinsic interest: Undermining the overjustification hypothesis
Feingold, B. D., & Mahoney, M. J. (1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80111-0 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Expectancy determinants of intrinsically motivated behavior.
Shapira, Z. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.6.1235 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Need for cognition and desire for control as moderators of extrinsic reward effects: a person x situation approach to the study of intrinsic motivation.
Thompson, E. P., Chaiken, S., & Hazlewood, J. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.987 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Retrospective misattribution and task enjoyment
Kruglanski, A. W., Alon, S., & Lewis, T. (1972) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(72)90075-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Can money enhance intrinsic motivation? A test of the content-consequence hypothesis.
Kruglanski, A. W., Riter, A., Amitai, A., Margolin, B.-S., Shabtai, L., & Zaksh, D. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.31.4.744 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Effect of External Reward on Interest and Quality of Task Performance in Children of High and Low Intrinsic Motivation
Loveland, K. K., & Olley, J. G. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129350 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Effect of Performance-Relevant and Performance-Irrelevant Rewards on Children's Intrinsic Motivation
Karniol, R., & Ross, M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128643 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Effects of performance feedback and extrinsic reward upon high intrinsic motivation
Arnold, H. J. (1976) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(76)90067-2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Reward-Induced Decrements and Increments in Intrinsic Motivation
Morgan, M. (1984) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543054001005 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A Methodological Note
Hom, H. L. (1987) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167287132006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
By All Available Means: Cameron and Pierce's Defense of Extrinsic Motivators
Kohn, A. (1996) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543066001001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Effect of Differential Amounts of Positive Verbal Feedback on the Intrinsic Motivation of Male Hockey Players
Vallerand, R. J. (1983) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.5.1.100 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Need for cognition and desire for control as moderators of extrinsic reward effects: A person × situation approach to the study of intrinsic motivation.
Thompson, E. P., Chaiken, S., & Hazlewood, J. D. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.6.987 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Human sensitivity to reinforcement in operant choice: How much do consequences matter?
Kollins, S. H., Newland, M. C., & Critchfield, T. S. (1997) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03209395 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Intrinsic motivation as influenced by rewards, task interest, and task structure.
Daniel, T. L., & Esser, J. K. (1980) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.65.5.566 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Competence feedback, task feedback, and intrinsic interest: An examination of process and context
Sansone, C. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(89)90027-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Extrinsic Reward and Intrinsic Motivation: A Review with Implications for the Classroom
Bates, J. A. (1979) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543049004557 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Effects of Extrinsic Rewards of Differential Value on High and Low Intrinsic Interest
McLoyd, V. C. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129327 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Affect and the overjustification effect.
Pretty, G. H., & Seligman, C. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.6.1241 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Intrinsic Motivation and norms about payment1
Staw, B. M., Calder, B. J., Hess, R. K., & Sandelands, L. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00961.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Are intrinsic and extrinsic rewards additive: A test of Deci's cognitive evaluation theory of task motivation
Hamner, W. C., & Foster, L. W. (1975) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(75)90038-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Performance and motivational deficits of helplessness: The role of motivational orientations.
Boggiano, A. K., & Barrett, M. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.49.6.1753 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Overjustification and children's intrinsic motivation: Comparative effects of four rewards.
Dollinger, S. J., & Thelen, M. H. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.11.1259 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
TASK PERFORMANCE, PERCEIVED COMPETENCE, AND ATTRIBUTED CAUSES OF PERFORMANCE AS DETERMINANTS OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION.
Arnold, H. (1985) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256242 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Reinforcement, behavior constraint, and the overjustification effect.
Williams, B. W. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.4.599 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Differential Effects of Tangible Rewards and Praise on Intrinsic Motivation: A Comparison of Cognitive Evaluation Theory and Operant Theory
Carton, J. S. (1996) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03393167 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Undermining Intrinsic Interest from the Standpoint of A Behaviorist
Flora, S. R. (1990) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03399544 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Is Bad News Always Bad?: Cue and Feedback Effects on Intrinsic Motivation
Anderson, S., & Rodin, J. (1989) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00067.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The effects of verbal reinforcement of intrinsic motivation for sex-linked tasks
Blanck, P. D., Reis, H. T., & Jackson, L. (1984) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287554 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sex and Age Differences in Response to Informational and Controlling Feedback
Kast, A., & Connor, K. (1988) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167288143010 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effects of Extrinsic Reinforcement for Reading During Childhood on Reported Reading Habits of College Students
Flora, S. R., & Flora, D. B. (1999) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395303 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The effects of situational performance constraints on intrinsic motivation and satisfaction: The role of perceived competence and self-determination
Freedman, S. M., & Phillips, J. S. (1985) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(85)90030-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Reward contingency and intrinsic motivation in children: A test of the delay of gratification hypothesis.
Ross, M., Karniol, R., & Rothstein, M. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.33.4.442 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Reward, distraction, and the overjustification effect.
Smith, T. W., & Pittman, T. S. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.5.565 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The overjustification effect: A developmental test of self-perception interpretations.
Morgan, M. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.5.809 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Attribution of Causality and the Overjustification Effect
Pittman, T. S., Cooper, E. E., & Smith, T. W. (1977) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727700300226 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Competition and Extrinsic Rewards: Effect on Intrinsic Motivation and Attribution
Weinberg, R. S., & Jackson, A. (1979) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/00345377.1979.10615636 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cognitive evaluation theory: An experimental test of processes and outcomes
Boal, K. B., & Cummings, L. L. (1981) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(81)90001-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The effect of earlier experience and reward contingencies on intrinsic motivation
Luyten, H., & Lens, W. (1981) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00993659 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of Delayed Rewards and Task interest on Intrinsic Motivation
Hitt, D. D., Marriott, R. G., & Esser, J. K. (1992) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1304_2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Mastery Hypothesis and the Overjustification Effect
Boggiano, A. K., Ruble, D. N., & Pittman, T. S. (1982) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1982.1.1.38 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reinforcement Effects on Three Measures of Children's Interest in Math
Vasta, R., & Stirpe, L. A. (1979) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/014544557932006 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Undermining overjustification: Inducing intrinsic and extrinsic task representations
Porac, J. F., & Meindl, J. (1982) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(82)90256-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Use of Concurrent Schedules to Evaluate the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on "Intrinsic Motivation"
Mawhinney, T. C., Dickinson, A. M., & Taylor, L. A. (1989) · Journal of Organizational Behavior Management · doi:10.1300/j075v10n01_07 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Effects of Positive and Negative Verbal Feedback on the Intrinsic Motivation of Male and Female Subjects
Shanab, M. E., Peterson, D., Dargahi, S., & Deroian, P. (1981) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1981.9711659 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Intrinsic interest and extrinsic reward: The effects of a continuing token program on continuing nonconstrained preference
Davidson, P., & Bucher, B. (1978) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(78)80107-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Interaction effects of performance and money on self-perception of intrinsic motivation
Salancik, G. R. (1975) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(75)90055-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A whole much less than the sum of its parts.
Lepper, M. R. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.6.675 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The effects of reward and perception of competency upon intrinsic motivation
Weiner, M. J., & Mander, A. M. (1978) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00992732 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
"Reality" is complicated.
Sansone, C., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.6.673 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
School Experience, Reward Characteristics, and Intrinsic Motivation
Pallak, S. R., Costomiris, S., Sroka, S., & Pittman, T. S. (1982) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129029 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Effects of Task Content and Reward Contingency Upon Task Performance and Satisfaction<sup>1</sup>
Wimperis, B. R., & Farr, J. L. (1979) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02708.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Competence and the overjustification effect
Arkes, H. R. (1979) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf01650599 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
OF CARROTS AND STICKS: A REVIEW OF DECI AND RYAN'S INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND SELF‐DETERMINATION IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR1
Bernstein, D. J. (1990) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1990.54-323 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Reinforcement effects on intrinsic interest: A classroom analog
Vasta, R., Andrews, D. E., McLaughlin, A. M., Stirpe, L. A., & Comfort, C. (1978) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(78)90055-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Over Justification
Newman, J., & Layton, B. D. (1984) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167284103010 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Reward and purpose as incentives for children differing in locus of control expectancies1
Taub, S. I., & Dollinger, S. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00701.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Increasing Children's Interest through Performance-Contingent Reward
Boggiano, A. K., Harackiewicz, J. M., Bessette, J. M., & Main, D. S. (1985) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1985.3.4.400 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effect of reward on subjective autonomy and interest when initial interest is low.
Overskeid, G., & Svartdal, F. (1996) · The Psychological Record · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Extrinsic awards and participant motivation in a sport related task.
Orlick, T., & Mosher, R. E. (1978) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Effect of Incentive and Control over Outcomes upon Intrinsic Motivation and Performance
Weiner, M. J. (1980) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1980.9924326 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Influence of Verbal Reward on Intrinsic Motivation in Children
Zinser, O., Young, J. G., & King, P. E. (1982) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1982.9710976 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Use of Concurrent Schedules to Evaluate the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on "Intrinsic Motivation":
Skaggs, K. J., Dickinson, A. M., & O'Connor, K. A. F. (1991) · Journal of Organizational Behavior Management · doi:10.1300/j075v12n01_04 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Toward the Experimental Analysis of “Continuing Motivation”
Sorensen, R. L., & Maehr, M. L. (1976) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1976.10884914 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Decrements in Intrinsic Motivation among Rewarded and Observer Subjects
Morgan, M. (1983) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130050 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Intrinsic motivation as a function of extrinsic financial rewards and subjects'locus of control
Earn, B. M. (1982) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00756.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bonuses and Bribes: Mood Effects in Memory
Boggiano, A. K., & Hertel, P. T. (1983) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1983.2.1.49 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two studies included in Cameron and Pierce's research were omitted ; in one study (Boggiano & Hertel, 1983), the dependent measure was assessed before all participants worked on the task; in the other study (Boal & Cummings, 1981), all participants (including the control group) received monetary…”
In response
Baron, A., & Derenne, A. (2000) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Contingent pay and intrinsic task interest: Moderating effects of work values.
Phillips, J. S., & Freedman, S. M. (1985) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.70.2.306 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Reward, affect, and young children's motivational orientation
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Fultz, J., & Miller, P. (1988) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00992171 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
An examination of overjustification under conditions of extended observation and multiple reinforcement: Overjustification or boredom?
Mynatt, C., Oakley, T., Arkkelin, D., Piccione, A., Margolis, R., & Arkkelin, J. (1978) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172730 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-versus other-reward administration and intrinsic motivation
Enzle, M. E., Roggeveen, J. P., & Look, S. C. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(91)90004-p · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of Reward Contexts on Young Children's Task Interest
Fabes, R. A. (1987) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1987.9712639 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Do causal attributions mediate the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic interest?
Brockner, J., & Vasta, R. (1981) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(81)90019-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Reward-Induced Decreased Play Effects: Reattribution of Motivation, Competing Responses, or Avoiding Frustration?
Perry, D. G., Bussey, K., & Redman, J. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128495 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Human sensitivity to reinforcement: A comment on Kollins, Newland, and Critchfield’s (1997) quantitative literature review
Derenne, A., & Baron, A. (1999) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03391976 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effect of Reward Contingency on Intrinsic Motivation
Tripathi, K. N., & Agarwal, A. (1988) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1988.9710559 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
SUBJECTIVE CONTROL OVER REWARDS: EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED CHOICE OF REWARD SCHEDULE ON INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR MAINTENANCE
Feehan, G. G., & Enzle, M. E. (1991) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1991.72.3.995 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Children's Task Interest and Performance
Fabes, R. A., McCullers, J. C., & Hom, H. L. (1986) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167286121002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of Contractual, Endogenous, or Unexpected Rewards on High and Low Interest Preschoolers
Eisenstein, N. (1985) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03394906 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Moods, Goals, and Measures of Intrinsic Motivation
Wicker, F. W., Brown, G., Wiehe, J. A., & Shim, W.-Y. (1990) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1990.10543206 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The effects of task choice, monetary, and verbal reward on intrinsic motivation : a closer look at Deci's cognitive evaluation theory /
Cohen, D. S. (1974) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of choice and rewards on intrinsic motivation and performance
Barteime, L. A. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Intrinsic motivation and delay of gratification in preschoolers: The variables of reward salience and length of expected delay
Sarafino, E. P. (1984) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1984.tb00778.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF EXTRINSIC REINFORCERS ON INTRINSICALLY MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR: EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL
Brennan, T. P., & Glover, J. A. (1980) · Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1980.8.1.27 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation.
Okano, K. (1981) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of rewarder familiarity and differential reward preference on intrinsic motivation
Griffith, K. M., Loach, L. L. D., & LaBarba, R. C. (1984) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03333829 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effects of absolute and normative feedback and reward on performance and affect
(1982) · Iowa Research Online (The University of Iowa) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Feedback Effects in Intrinsic/Extrinsic Reward Paradigms
Crino, M. D., & White, M. C. (1982) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920638200800207 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Overjustification Effect in Retarded Children: Durability and Generalizability
Ogilvie, L., & Prior, M. R. (1982) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668258209018764 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The effects of group versus individual context, initial interest, and reward on intrinsic motivation
Griffith, K. M. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The relationship of group context and intelligence to the overjustification effect
Deloach, L. L., Griffith, K. M., & LaBarba, R. C. (1983) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334713 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Should behavior therapists stop using reinforcement? A reexamination of the undermining effect of reinforcement on intrinsic motivation
Carton, J. S., & Nowicki, S. (1998) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(98)80031-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effect of Contingency and Timing of Reward on Intrinsic Motivation
Tripathi, K. N. (1991) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1991.9711135 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reward contingency, standards, and intrinsic motivation.
Hyman, C. (1985) · University Microfilms International eBooks · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effects of verbal and tangible rewards on intrinsic motivation in males and females.
Tripathi, K. N., & Agarwal, A. (1985) · Psychological Studies · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-schema, task information, extrinsic reward, and intrinsic motivation
Yuen, W. C. (1984) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1980) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
TThe undermining and enhancing effects of extrinsic rewards and effectance feedback on intrinsic motivation : a developmental study /
Brewer, J. D. (1980) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effects of extrinsic reinforcement on intrinsic motivation amongst mildly mentally handicapped children
Chung, K. T. (1993) · Hong Kong Education Bibliographic Database · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 170 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.
Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035661 · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
Assessing the effects of gamification in the classroom: A longitudinal study on intrinsic motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort, and academic performance
Hanus, M. D., & Fox, J. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.019 · Cited by 1,918 · see citing works
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers
Alberto, P. A., Troutman, A. C., & Axe, J. B. (2024) · ABA España eBooks · doi:10.26741/978-84-09-59866-3 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Policies designed for self-interested citizens may undermine ‘the moral sentiments’: evidence from economic experiments
Bowles, S. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1152110 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis
Au, J., Sheehan, E., Tsai, N., Duncan, G. J., Buschkuehl, M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0699-x · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Tax Compliance as the Result of a Psychological Tax Contract: The Role of Incentives and Responsive Regulation
Feld, L. P., & Frey, B. S. (2007) · Law & Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2007.00248.x · Cited by 801 · see citing works
The art and science of teaching: a comprehensive framework for effective instruction
Marzano, R. J. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-6316 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Incentives to Learn
Kremer, M. R., Miguel, E. A., Thornton, R. L., & Ozier, O. W. (2004) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1037/e596142012-001 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
The Dark Side of Competition for Status
Charness, G., Masclet, D., & Villeval, M. C. (2014) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2013.1747 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Three worlds of CSCL: Can we support CSCL?
van den Berg, E., Blijleven, P. J., Koertshuis, E., & Tebbe, N. M. (2002) · University of Twente Research Information · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Personnel Psychology: Performance Evaluation and Pay for Performance
Rynes, S. L., Gerhart, B. A., & Parks, L. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070254 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Learning motivation in e-learning facilitated computer programming courses
Law, K. M. Y., Lee, V. C. S., & Yu, Y. T. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.01.007 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
The motivational dimension of language teaching
Lamb, M. (2017) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444817000088 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental determinants of children's food preferences
Wardle, J., & Cooke, L. J. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711450889246x · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Leadership and Public Service Motivation in U.S. Federal Agencies
Park, S. M., & Rainey, H. G. (2008) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967490801887954 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Time for expansion and clarification.
Locke, E. A., & Schattke, K. P. (2018) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000116 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Individualized Supports for Students with Problem Behaviors: Designing Positive Behavior Plans
Bambara, L. M., & Kern, L. (2005) · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Cooperative Learning: The Social and Intellectual Outcomes of Learning in Groups
ASHMAN, A. F., & Gillies, R. M. (2003) · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Effects of a peer modelling and rewards-based intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in children
Lowe, C. F., Horne, P. J., Tapper, K., Bowdery, M., & Egerton, C. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601838 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Increasing children's fruit and vegetable consumption: a peer-modelling and rewards-based intervention
Horne, P. J., Tapper, K., Lowe, C. F., Hardman, C. A., Jackson, M. C., & Woolner, J. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602024 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Deterrence and Morale in Taxation: An Empirical AnalysisPreprint
Frey, B. S., & Feld, L. P. (2002) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.341380 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
A proposed model of lifestyle balance
Matuska, K. M., & Christiansen, C. H. (2008) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2008.9686602 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Gamification in Action: Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Medical Educators
Rutledge, C., Walsh, C. M., Swinger, N., Auerbach, M. A., Castro, D., Dewan, M. L., Khattab, M. G., Rake, A. J., Harwayne‐Gidansky, I., Raymond, T. T., et al. (2018) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002183 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“Achievement unlocked!” - The impact of digital achievements as a gamification element on motivation and performance
Groening, C., & Binnewies, C. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.026 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Organizational Control Systems and Pay-for-Performance in the Public Service
Frey, B. S., Homberg, F., & Osterloh, M. (2013) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840613483655 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
When do financial incentives reduce intrinsic motivation? Comparing behaviors studied in psychological and economic literatures.
Promberger, M., & Marteau, T. M. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032727 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
APPLYING SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY TO ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH
Sheldon, K. M., Turban, D. B., Brown, K. G., Barrick, M. R., & Judge, T. A. (2004) · Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management · doi:10.1016/s0742-7301(03)22008-9 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Gamification enhances student intrinsic motivation, perceptions of autonomy and relatedness, but minimal impact on competency: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Li, L., Hew, K. F., & Du, J. (2024) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-023-10337-7 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Ten Faulty Notions About Teaching and Learning That Hinder the Effectiveness of Special Education
Heward, W. L. (2003) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246690303600401 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Tax Compliance as the Result of a Psychological Tax Contract: The Role of Incentives and Responsive RegulationPreprint
Feld, L. P., & Frey, B. S. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.900366 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Behavioral Economics of Education
Koch, A. K., Nafziger, J., & Nielsen, H. S. (2015) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.09.005 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Contingency management treatment for substance use disorders: How far has it come, and where does it need to go?
Petry, N. M., Alessi, S. M., Olmstead, T. A., Rash, C. J., & Zajac, K. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000287 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Motivation theory in educational practice: Knowledge claims, challenges, and future directions.
Kaplan, A., Katz, I., & Flum, H. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13274-007 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Social preferences and public economics: Mechanism design when social preferences depend on incentives
Bowles, S., & Hwang, S. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.03.006 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Growing Existing Customers’ Revenue Streams through Customer Referral Programs
Garnefeld, I., Eggert, A., Helm, S. V., & Tax, S. S. (2013) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.11.0423 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Intrinsic motivation, external reward, and their effect on overall motivation and performance
Hendijani, R., Bischak, D. P., Árvai, J., & Dugar, S. (2016) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2016.1157595 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Achievement-Based Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation: A Test of Cognitive Mediators.
Cameron, J., Pierce, W. D., Banko, K. M., & Gear, A. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.4.641 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citation
Engaged Participation versus Marginal Nonparticipation: A Stridently Sociocultural Approach to Acheivement Motivation
Hickey, D. T. (2003) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/499733 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Employee participation, performance metrics, and job performance: A survey study based on self-determination theory
Groen, B. A. C., Wouters, M. J. F., & Wilderom, C. P. M. (2016) · Management Accounting Research · doi:10.1016/j.mar.2016.10.001 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The social context as a determinant of teacher motivational strategies in physical education
Taylor, I. M., Ntoumanis, N., & Smith, B. M. (2008) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.09.002 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Negative Effects of Reward on Intrinsic Motivation—A Limited Phenomenon: Comment on Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (2001)
Cameron, J. (2001) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543071001029 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citation
The impact of grades on student motivation
Chamberlin, K., Yasué, M., & Chiang, I.-C. A. (2023) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1469787418819728 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Effects of Monetary Versus Environmental Information Framing: Implications for Long-Term Pro-Environmental Behavior and Intrinsic Motivation
Steinhorst, J., & Klöckner, C. A. (2017) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916517725371 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Why did you do that? An economic examination of the effect of extrinsic compensation on intrinsic motivation and performance
James, H. S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2004.11.002 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Rewarding rush-hour avoidance: A study of commuters’ travel behavior
Ben-Elia, E., & Ettema, D. (2011) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2011.03.003 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Lifestyle Balance: A Review of Concepts and Research
Christiansen, C. H., & Matuska, K. (2006) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2006.9686570 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
CSCL in Higher Education?
Kirschner, P. A., Martens, R. L., & Strijbos, J.-W. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-7921-4_1 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Revisiting the Role of Rewards in Motivation and Learning: Implications of Neuroscientific Research
Hidi, S. E. (2015) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9307-5 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Multiplicative effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on academic performance: A longitudinal study of Chinese students
Liu, Y., Hau, K., Liu, H., Wu, J., Wang, X., & Zheng, X. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12512 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Deterrence and tax morale in the European Union
Frey, B. S. (2003) · European Review · doi:10.1017/s1062798703000346 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Increasing children's physical activity: a peer modelling, rewards and pedometer-based intervention
Horne, P. J., Hardman, C. A., Lowe, C. F., & Rowlands, A. V. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602915 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Positive Effects of Rewards and Performance Standards on Intrinsic Motivation
Pierce, W. D., Cameron, J., Banko, K. M., & So, S. (2003) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395453 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citation
Bank Directors’ Perceptions of Expanded Auditor's Reports
Boolaky, P. K., & Quick, R. (2016) · International Journal of Auditing · doi:10.1111/ijau.12063 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Changing commuters’ behavior using rewards: A study of rush-hour avoidance
Ben-Elia, E., & Ettema, D. (2011) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2011.04.003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Elementary teachers' use and perception of rewards in the classroom
Hoffmann, K. F., Huff, J. D., Patterson, A. S., & Nietfeld, J. L. (2009) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2008.12.004 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A Guide to Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Awareness, Courage, Love, and Behaviorism
Tsai, M., Kohlenberg, R. J., Kanter, J. W., Kohlenberg, B., Follette, W. C., & Callaghan, G. M. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09787-9 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Outcome evaluation of Girls and Boys Town's family home program
Larzelere, R. E., Daly, D. L., Davis, J. L., Chmelka, M. B., & Handwerk, M. L. (2004) · Education and Treatment of Children · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Extrinsic Reinforcement in the Classroom: Bribery or Best Practice
Akin‐Little, K. A., Eckert, T. L., Lovett, B. J., & Little, S. G. (2004) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2004.12086253 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Increasing pre-school children's consumption of fruit and vegetables. A modelling and rewards intervention
Horne, P. J., Greenhalgh, J., Erjavec, M., Lowe, C. F., Viktor, S., & Whitaker, C. J. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.11.146 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Conditional Economic Incentives to Improve HIV Treatment Adherence: Literature Review and Theoretical Considerations
Galárraga, O., Genberg, B. L., Martin, R. A., Laws, M. B., & Wilson, I. B. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0415-2 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
An Examination of the Relation Between Functional Behavior Assessment and Selected Intervention Strategies With School-Based Teams
Scott, T. M., McIntyre, J., Liaupsin, C. J., Nelson, C. M., Conroy, M. A., & Payne, L. D. (2005) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/10983007050070040201 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Intersection of Culture and Achievement Motivation.
Trumbull, E., & Rothstein‐Fisch, C. (2011) · The School community journal/School community journal · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Does your health really benefit from using a self-tracking device? Evidence from a longitudinal randomized control trial
Stiglbauer, B., Weber, S., & Batinic, B. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.018 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Autonomy and task performance: Explaining the impact of grades on intrinsic motivation.
Pulfrey, C., Darnon, C., & Butera, F. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029376 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Motivation and Creativity
Hennessey, B. A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316979839.020 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Intrinsische Motivation und Flow-Erleben
Rheinberg, F. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-29975-0_13 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Can we support CSCL? Educational, social and technological affordances for learning
Kirschner, P. A. (2002) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Intrinsic Motivation and Flow
Rheinberg, F., & Engeser, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_14 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Increasing the impact of collective incentives in payments for ecosystem services
Kaczan, D. J., Pfaff, A. S. P., Rodríguez, L. Á. C., & Shapiro‐Garza, E. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.007 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Identification of Lead User Characteristics Driving the Quality of Service Innovation Ideas
Schuhmacher, M. C., & Kuester, S. (2012) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12002 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Intrinsic Motivation and Flow
Rheinberg, F. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499821.014 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Gamification in medical education: identifying and prioritizing key elements through Delphi method
Wang, Y.-F., Hsu, Y.-F., Fang, K., & Kuo, L. (2024) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2024.2302231 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Critical Features Predicting Sustained Implementation of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
Mathews, S., McIntosh, K., Frank, J. L., & May, S. L. (2013) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300713484065 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Academic Journal of Economic Studies
Editura.Universitara, P. (2020) · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Using the lessons of behavioral economics to design more effective pay-for-performance programs.
Mehrotra, A., Sorbero, M. E. S., & Damberg, C. L. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Incentivizing Children's Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Results of a United States Pilot Study of the Food Dudes Program
Wengreen, H. J., Madden, G. J., Aguilar, S., Smits, R. R., & Jones, B. A. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2012.06.001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Intangible rewards versus tangible rewards in gamified online learning: Which promotes student intrinsic motivation, behavioural engagement, cognitive engagement and learning performance?
Xiao, Y., & Hew, K. F. (2023) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13361 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Rewards can be used effectively with repeated exposure to increase liking of vegetables in 4–6-year-old children
Corsini, N., Slater, A., Harrison, A., Cooke, L. J., & Cox, D. N. (2011) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011002035 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Effects of rewards, peer-modelling and pedometer targets on children's physical activity: A school-based intervention study
Hardman, C. A., Horne, P. J., & Lowe, C. F. (2010) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440903318119 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Bring them aboard: Rewarding participation in technology-mediated citizen science projects
Cappa, F., Laut, J., Porfiri, M., & Giustiniano, L. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.017 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Promoting Shared Leadership
Grille, A., Schulte, E.-M., & Kauffeld, S. (2015) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051815570039 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The functional architecture of human motivation: Personality systems interactions theory
Kühl, J., Quirin, M., & Koole, S. L. (2020) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2020.06.001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Does monetary punishment crowd out pro-social motivation? A natural experiment on hospital length of stay
Holmås, T. H., Kjerstad, E., Lurås, H., & Straume, O. R. (2010) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2010.03.024 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Can Performance Appraisal Systems Inspire Intrinsically Motivated Employees?
Oh, S. S., & Lewis, G. B. (2009) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x09331616 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Monetary and Social Rewards for Crowdsourcing
Cappa, F., Rosso, F., & Hayes, D. R. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11102834 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Forest conservation policy and motivational crowding: Experimental evidence from Tanzania
Kaczan, D. J., Swallow, B. M., & Adamowicz, W. (2016) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.07.002 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Characterizing the motivational orientation of students in higher education: A naturalistic study in three Hong Kong universities
Kember, D. R., Hong, C., & Ho, A. (2007) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709907x220581 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a smartphone app to increase parents' knowledge and empowerment in the MMR vaccination decision: A randomized controlled trial
Fadda, M., Galimberti, E., Fiordelli, M., Romanò, L., Zanetti, A. R., & Schulz, P. J. (2017) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1360456 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Motivational Crowding in Payments for Ecosystem Service Schemes: a Global Systematic Review
Yasué, M., & Akers, J. (2019) · Conservation and Society · doi:10.4103/cs.cs_18_90 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A randomized study of reinforcing ambulatory exercise in older adults.
Petry, N. M., Andrade, L. F., Barry, D., & Byrne, S. A. (2013) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0032563 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Engaged Participation: A Sociocultural Model of Motivation With Implications for Educational Assessment
Hickey, D. T., & Zuiker, S. J. (2005) · Educational Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15326977ea1003_7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Encouraging Commitment in Online Communities
Ren, Y., Kraut, R. E., Kiesler, S. B., & Resnick, P. (2012) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/8472.003.0004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
You like it, you learn it: affectivity and learning in competitive social role play gaming
Brom, C., Šisler, V., Slussareff, M., Selmbacherová, T., & Hlávka, Z. (2016) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-016-9237-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
It’s (Not) All About the Jacksons
Bareket‐Bojmel, L., Hochman, G., & Ariely, D. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314535441 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Long-term ABA Therapy Is Abusive: A Response to Gorycki, Ruppel, and Zane
Shkedy, G., Shkedy, D., & Sandoval-Norton, A. H. (2021) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-021-00201-1 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Effects of Doing More with Less in the Public Sector: Evidence from a Large‐Scale Survey
Estève, M., Schuster, C., Albareda, A., & Losada, C. (2017) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12766 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
High School Reform and Student Engagement
Davis, M. H., & McPartland, J. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_25 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
How Do Rewards and Management Styles Influence the Motivation to Share Knowledge?Preprint
Harder, M. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1098881 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The impact of immediate or delayed feedback on driving behaviour in a simulated Pay-As-You-Drive system
Dijksterhuis, C., Lewis-Evans, B., Jelijs, B., de Waard, D., Brookhuis, K., & Tucha, O. M. (2014) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.11.017 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Role of Deterrence and Tax Morale in Taxation in the European Union
Frey, B. S. (2003) · NIAS eBooks · Cited by 51 · see citing works

The effects of reward contingency on intrinsic motivation for high- and low-interest task.
Hashiguchi, K. (1985) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.56.68
Negative effects of reward on intrinsic motivation-a limited phenomenon
Cameron, J. (2001)
Self-citation
Negative Effects of Reward on Intrinsic Motivation—A Limited Phenomenon: Comment on Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (2001)
Cameron, J. (2001) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543071001029 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citation
A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627 · Cited by 7,176 · see citing works
The Debate About Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation: Protests and Accusations Do Not Alter the Results
Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1996) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543066001039 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Cameron, J., Banko, K. M., & Pierce, W. D.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
ORCID: Pierce, W. David
Venue: The Behavior Analyst
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-04
Volume: 24
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-44
ISSN: 0738-6729 (ISSN-L)
2196-8918
DOI: 10.1007/bf03392017
PMC: PMC2731358
OpenAlex: W1532860650
Cited by: 574
References: 170
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 24.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: The Behavior Analyst (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Keywords: reward, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, task interest, reward contingency, tangible rewards, verbal rewards, motivation theories

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks