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Conditional and unconditional automaticity: a dual-process model of effects of spatial stimulus–response correspondence
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“Like many other forms of SRC in which participants respond to static symbolic stimuli (De Jong et al., 1994; Eimer et al., 1995), imitative compatibility effects are attributed to automatic activation of the stimulus-compatible motor representation.”
From To imitate or not: Avoiding imitation involves preparatory inhibition of motor resonance (2014) · cites this paper as De Jong et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“In sum, the evidence from these two experiments suggests that the processing of spatial compatibility and automatic imitation are dissociable at two different levels in dual processing models of S-R compatibility (e.g., DeJong et al., 1994;Tagliabue, Zorzi, Umilta, & Bassignani, 2000).”
From Is automatic imitation a specialized form of stimulus–response compatibility? Dissociating imitative and spatial compatibilities (2012) · cites this paper as DeJong et al., 1994
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous interpretations (e.g., DeJong, Liang, & Lauber, 1994;Wühr & Biebl, 2009), we surmise that responding to the stimulus cue opposite to the one that appears on the screen requires a logical recoding of the relevant stimulus and that this recoding carries-over to the irrelevant stimulus as well.”
From Is automatic imitation a specialized form of stimulus–response compatibility? Dissociating imitative and spatial compatibilities (2012) · cites this paper as DeJong, Liang, & Lauber, 1994
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“An important alternative approach to comparing distributions is the computing of "delta plots" (Schwarz & Miller, 2012, pp. 556–558), first used by De Jong et al. (1994), which typically makes use of bin-means averaging with five or ten bins to combine distributions over subjects for each of two…”
Exploring Effects of Age on Conflict Processing in the Light of Practice in a Large-Scale Dataset
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“The difference between these distributions is often captured in so-called delta plots (De Jong, Liang, & Lauber, 1994).”
BackgroundLuo, X., Wang, L., & Zhou, X. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105738 · Cited by 5
Reexamining Transposed-Word Effects in the Grammatical Decision Task
Wen, Y., & Jonathan Grainger, B. (2025) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000658 · Cited by 3
“We present the results of Delta plots (De Jong et al., 1994) that describe the time-course of TW effects in RTs (Figure 1); conditional accuracy functions (Bonnet & Dresp, 1993) that show the coevolution of RTs and error rates in the TW and control conditions (Figure 2); and finally, we plot the RT…”
Challenging Cognitive Control by Mirrored Stimuli in Working Memory Matching
Wirth, M., & Gaschler, R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00653 · Cited by 2
“In addition, as proposed by different dual process models of stimulus-response (S-R) relations (e.g., Kornblum et al., 1990; De Jong et al., 1994; Eimer et al., 1995; Ridderinkhof et al., 1995), an active response inhibition mechanism could selectively reduce the activation of the incongruent…”
MethodDistributional analyses reveal the individual differences in congruency sequence effect
Tang, D., Chen, X.-F., Li, H., & Lei, Y. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272621 · Cited by 3
Older and Younger Adults Show Comparable Affective Compatibility and Simon Effects
Proctor, R. W., Zhang, Y., & Vu, K. L. (2013) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2013.742346 · Cited by 2
Schrooten, M. G. S., Smulders, F. T. Y., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.026211 · Cited by 2
The Influence of Negative Emotion on the Simon Effect as Reflected by P300
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“Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 516906, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/516906”
BackgroundInfluentialSpatial coding for the Simon effect in visual search
Zhang, D., Zhou, X., di Pellegrino, G., & Làdavas, E. (2006) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0635-z · Cited by 2
“This pattern was consistent with previous works (e.g. De Jong et al. 1994; Vallesi et al. 2005; Wiegand and Wascher 2005), and the explanation of diVerence in RT variance inferred by Zhang and Kornblum (1997).”
MethodResultInfluentialTlauka, M. (2005) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/000495304412331283435 · Cited by 2
A reach-to-touch investigation on the nature of reading in the Stroop task
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“Alternatively, graphical exploration methods of RT distributions, such as the delta plot, inform researchers about the time course of experimental effects with less assumptions (Jong et al., 1994).”
MethodDelta plots do not reveal response inhibition in lying
Caudek, C., Lorenzino, M., & Liperoti, R. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.09.001 · Cited by 2
Temporal and spectral profiles of conflict processing among multiple frames of reference
Nan, W., Wang, C., Sun, Y., Wang, H., Fu, S., Li, Q., & Liu, X. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13313 · Cited by 2
Individual Response–Effect Congruencies Modulate Subsequent Stimulus–Response Compatibility Effects
Miles, J. D., & Vu, K. L. (2021) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.1.0031 · Cited by 2
Tomkins, B. (2023) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-022-02642-9 · Cited by 2
Huntington disease exacerbates action impulses
Shiino, S., van Wouwe, N. C., Wylie, S. A., Claassen, D. O., & McDonell, K. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1186465 · Cited by 2
Practice reduces the costs of producing head fakes in basketball
Böer, N. T., Weigelt, M., Schütz, C., & Güldenpenning, I. (2023) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-023-01885-x · Cited by 3
Chen, N., Sørensen, T. A., & Spence, C. J. (2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-4701-4 · Cited by 2
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Lugli, L., D’Ascenzo, S., Nicoletti, R., & Umiltà, C. A. (2017) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000382 · Cited by 2
Pereiro, A. X., Bustamante, B., Cisneros, M. A. S., & Juncos‐Rabadán, O. (2018) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.06.008 · Cited by 2
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Stimulus-response dimensional overlap elicits a decreasing Simon effect along the vertical dimension
Conde, E. F. Q., Fraga, R. S., Lameira, A. P., et al. (2017) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.22491/1678-4669.20170037 · Cited by 2
On the translation of some stimulus features to response force
Jaśkowskí, P., Werner, I., & Verleger, R. (2003) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2003-1472 · Cited by 2
“Two modes of functioning have been demonstrated (de Jong et al. 1994, Wascher et al. 2001): one mechanism decays over time and has its effects only when responses are "natural" (i.e., hands are not crossed) and when stimuli are easy to localize (i.e., in the visual modality).”
SELECTION AND CONTROL OF ACTION
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“…and incongruent conditions across the RT distribution via delta plots, the Simon effect often initially increases and then decreases (e.g., Burle et al., 2013; De Jong et al., 1994; Smith and Ulrich, 2025) or monotonically decreases (e.g., Mittelstädt and Miller, 2020; Pratte et al., 2010.”
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The Influence of Dimensional Overlap on Location-Related Priming in the Simon Task
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“Also for the present study, decay of response activation with increasing RT (De Jong et al., 1994; Hommel, 1997; McCann & Johnston, 1992) could be excluded as causing the underadditive effects with SOA: Analysing RT bins separately for the two SOA conditions did not provide any evidence for a decay…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe influence of visual search efficiency on the time-course of identity-based SR-compatibility
van Zoest, W., Kingstone, A. F., & Theeuwes, J. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.03.002 · Cited by 1
Chapter 16. Time course differences between bilinguals and monolinguals in the Simon task*
Narra, M., Heathcote, A., & Finkbeiner, M. S. (2016) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.2.17nar · Cited by 1
“…measures (reaction time) in the Simon task, in which the reaction time is faster on congruent trials relative to neutral trials and incongruent trials (Simon & Rudell, 1967; Acosta & Simon, 1976; Umilta, Rubichi, & Nicoletti, 1999; De Jong et al., 1994; Lu & Proctor, 1995; Wiegand & Wascher, 2005).”
BackgroundSocial priming of hemispatial neglect affects spatial coding: Evidence from the Simon task
Arend, I. C., Aisenberg-Shafran, D., & Henik, A. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.008 · Cited by 1
Urgency overpowers cognitive control by amplifying cognitive processing asymmetries
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“…the arrow version of the Eriksen flanker task, it was shown that the delta plot, which illustrates the size of the congruency effect over the RT (De Jong et al., 1994), is an inverted U shape, which is more similar to spatial tasks, which normally show negative-leaning delta plots (Pratte,…”
The effect of SNARC compatibility on perceptual accuracy: evidence from object substitution masking
Huffman, G., & Pratt, J. (2015) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0679-4 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Conflict Is an Example of Action-Grounded Cognition
Rubichi, S., Riggio, L., Gherri, E., & Nicoletti, R. (2011) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v3n1p28 · Cited by 1
The Task-Relevant Attribute Representation Can Mediate the Simon Effect
Tang, D., Zhao, X., & Chen, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090954 · Cited by 1
“activation account [26,35], we argued that the verbal WM representation of task-relevant attribute was potential fundamental”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSimon effects in change detection and change blindness
Schankin, A., Hagemann, D., & Wascher, E. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0628-7 · Cited by 1
A Bootstrap Test of Shape Invariance Across Distributions
Rouder, J. N., Speckman, P. L., Steinley, D., et al. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470583333.ch6 · Cited by 1
Abrahamse, E. L. (2010) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036529808 · Cited by 1
Certain behaviors: Response selection and certainty-related processing in humans and rhesus monkeys
Moreira, C. M. (2016) · doi:10.53846/goediss-5797 · Cited by 1
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Schreiter, M. L., Chmielewski, W. X., Ward, J., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/453134 · Cited by 1
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Aponte, E. A., Faßbender, K., Heinzle, J., & Ettinger, U. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482762 · Cited by 1
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Ciardo, F., & Wykowska, A. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/vfpk3 · Cited by 1
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Why is there an Error Negativity on correct trials? A reappraisalPreprint
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“A core characteristic of the compatibility effect in humans is its dynamics (De Jong et al., 1994; Pratte et al., 2010; Ridderinkhof, 2002) which has never been studied in rodents.”
BackgroundDorsal striatum involvement in response conflict management – a lesion study in ratsPreprint
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“Previous studies demonstrated that the size change of SRC effect varies with the RT (De Jong et al., 1994; Wascher et al., 2001; see Proctor et al., 2011, for a review). However, the SRC effect did not decrease or increase as the RT increases but followed an inverted quadratic, U-shaped curve according to the extent o…”
BackgroundAcoustic Interference on a Visual Attention Task in Relation to the Perceptual Load
Alvarado, J. M. (2014) · SOJ Psychology · doi:10.15226/2374-6874/1/2/00107
“The existence of Simon effects is well documented from a long time ago [32,40,61 -67].”
BackgroundThe Transfer of Acquired Spatial Associations Relies on Verbal Working Memory
Wang, L., & Chen, A. (2013) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2012.00605
Effects of Stimulus-Response Compatibility on Motor Programming
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Advancing Methods and Mathematical Models of Perceptual Decision MakingPreprint
Tillman, G. (2017) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/3bhvg
A Taxonomy of Inverse Priming Based on Stimulus Characteristics
Krüger, D. (2011) · doi:10.53846/goediss-517 · Cited by 2
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Feature Overlap and Relevance Determine Sequential Modulations in the Simon Task
Hoppe, K., Wascher, E., & Küper, K. (2019) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000239
Decomposing Simon task BOLD activation using a drift-diffusion model frameworkPreprint
McIntosh, J. R., & Sajda, P. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/809947
Deciphering the nature of the joint Simon effect through electromyographic analysesPreprint
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Assessing the impact of previous experience on lie effects through a transfer paradigm
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Acoustic Interference on a Visual Attention Task in Relation to the Perceptual Load
Alvarado, J. M. (2014) · SOJ Psychology · doi:10.15226/2374-6874/1/1/00107
Ivanov, I. V., & Werner, A. (2009) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s1983-32882009000100004
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Bilingualism and cognitive reserve: It’s a matter of top-down or bottom-up process
Boutris, P., Rees, J., Bevan, B., & Izura, C. (2020) · Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting · doi:10.14746/yplm.2020.6.5
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Spatial Response Discrimination May Elicit a Simon Effect on a Non-Complementary Task
Lam, M. Y., & Chua, R. (2023) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125231215854
“As anticipated, the SE has been observed in the typical Simon task (see De Jong et al., 1994; Kornblum et al., 1990; Lu & Proctor, 1995; Prinz, 1990), but not in the Go/NoGo Simon task performed in the solo setting.”
MethodDeakin, J., & Heinke, D. G. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4maqs
García-Orza, J., Gutiérrez-Cordero, I., Rodríguez-Montenegro, I., & Álvarez-Montesinos, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105827
Why is there an error negativity on correct trials? A reappraisal
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Beyond boundaries: conflict processing mechanisms in mental imagery across disparate locationsPreprint
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Exploring the Cognitive Effects of Neutral Hypnosis: Insights from Attentional Blink and Simon TasksPreprint
Fagin, O. S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4862505
An image-computable model of speeded decision-makingPreprint
Jaffe, P. I., Santiago-Reyes, G. X., Schafer, R. J., Bissett, P. G., & Poldrack, R. A. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98351.1
An image-computable model of speeded decision-makingPreprint
Jaffe, P. I., Santiago-Reyes, G. X., Schafer, R. J., Bissett, P. G., & Poldrack, R. A. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98351
“…were captured well by the VAMs, we observed a mismatch between model and participant behavior for other commonly used behavioral indices that take into account additional information from the RT distribution: RT delta plots and conditional accuracy functions [30], [63], [78], [82], [83] (Fig.”
Lin, Y.-C. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4890886
Viver ou morrer? A influência das emoções desencadeadas por palavras nos tempos de reação manual
do Nascimento, P. F. D., Alves, N. T., & Lameira, A. P. (2024) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2024.1.42765
Tanaka, Y., Oyama, T., Ishikawa, K., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/93gej
Kelber, P., Ulrich, R., Mackenzie, I. G., Jeschke, M. G., & Mittelstädt, V. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zxm9t
The distinctive role of vowel harmony in visual word recognition: The case of Turkish
Ozkan, Z. G., Özdemir, B., Gómez, P., et al. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241277683
“Following the preregistration protocol, we also conducted exploratory data analyses (Tukey, 1977) that examined the dynamics of the effect of vowel harmony over time via delta plots (De Jong et al., 1994).”
Inhibition Resolves Simon Conflict: Evidence from EEG DecodingPreprint
Lee, Y. S., Bae, G., & Cho, Y. S. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.13.618127
“According to the dual-route model, information processing in the Simon task occurs along two different routes (de Jong et al., 1994; Kornblum et al., 1990).”
MethodDifferent effects of smooth pursuit eye movements on motion-based stimulus response congruency
Styrkowiec, P., & Wierzbicki, M. (2024) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-024-02049-1
An image-computable model of speeded decision-makingPreprint
Jaffe, P. I., Santiago-Reyes, G. X., Schafer, R. J., Bissett, P. G., & Poldrack, R. A. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98351.2
Dynamic modulation of spatial selection: Online and anticipatory adjustments in the flanker task
Villalonga, M. B., Noyce, A. L., & Sekuler, R. (2025) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-025-03026-5
“For a more detailed analysis of temporal effects, we analyzed FCE RT magnitude at different quantiles of the RT distribution (a delta plot; De Jong et al., 1994) for each SOA condition.”
An image-computable model of speeded decision-making
Jaffe, P. I., Santiago-Reyes, G. X., Schafer, R. J., Bissett, P. G., & Poldrack, R. A. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98351.3
Katzenelenbogen, O., & Aisenberg-Shafran, D. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040466
“The absence of the Simon effect after congruent trials in the D-MBIS group would be understandable in the presence of very slow RT (Salzer et al., 2014; De Jong et al., 1994), but this was not the case in our results.”
Matsushima, E. H., & Aznar-Casanova, J. A. (2025) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision9020034 · Cited by 1
Kang, S., & Cho, Y. S. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02707-4
“…of response selection suggests that task-irrelevant spatial information triggers a spatially corresponding response code through an automatic link (De Jong et al., 1994; Kornblum et al., 1990), which is guided by overlearned, long-term stimulus–response (S-R) association (Zorzi & Umiltà, 1995).”
Kelber, P., Ulrich, R., Mackenzie, I. G., Jeschke, M. G., & Mittelstädt, V. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zxm9t_v1
Kim, M. J., Lim, C. E., Rheem, H., Lee, N., & Cho, Y. S. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106259
Metadata
- Authors
- De Jong, R., Liang, C.-C., & Lauber, E.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 731-750
- ISSN
- 0096-1523 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1277
- OpenAlex
- W4248568169
- Cited by
- 806
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 5.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- automaticity, dual-process models, spatial attention, stimulus-response compatibility
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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